Skip to main content

Full text of "Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington"

See other formats 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF    THE 


Biological  Society  of  Washington 


y^ 


VOLUME  XXIII 

1910 


WASHINGTON 
PRINTED   FOR  THE  SOCIETY 

1911 


COMMITTEE  ON  PUBLICATIONS 

W.   P.   HAY,   Chairman 

AUSTIN  H.  CLAKK  J.  AV.  GIDLEY 


II.  L.  i*c  .1.  H.  McQlKKN,  Inc. 

Uos  I-:  St.  N.  \V. 

Wa.shington,  D.  C. 


OFFICERS  AND  COUNCIL 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL    SOCIETY    OF    WASHINGTON 

For  1910 


(ELECTED  DECEMBER  11,  1909) 


OFFICERS 

President 
T.  S.  PALMPnt 

Vice-Presidents 


W.   P.   HAY 
E.   W.  NELSON 


Recording  Secretary 
I).  E.  LANTZ 

Cur  responding  Secretary 
AUSTIN  H.  CLARK 

Treasurer 
J.   \V.  (ilDLEY 


J.  N.  ROSE 
E.  L.  GREENE 


COUNCIL 


\VILIJA:\r  H.  DALLt 
THEODORE  GILLt 
L.  O.  HOWARDt 
FREDERICK  V.  COVILLEf 
F.  A.  Ll'CASt 
C.  HART  MERRIAMt 
FRANK  H.  KNOWLTONt 
B.  AV.  EVERMANNt 


GEORGE  M.  STERNBERG t 
L.  STEJNEGERt 
A.  D.  HOl'KINS 
A.  B.  BAKER 
A.  K.  FISHER 
VERNON  BAILEY 
DAVID  WHITE 


J.     ^V.    TlTCOMK 
N.     Hoi. LISTER 


Austin  H.  Clark 


STANDING  COMMITTEES— 1910 

Committee  on  Communications 
31.  W.  Lyox,  Jr.,  CJiainnan 

Committee  on  Publications 
W.   1*.   Hay,   Chairman 


E.    A.    SCHAVARZ 

C.   V.   Piper 


J.     W.    (tIDLRY 


f  Ex-Presidents  of  the  Society. 


(iii) 


EX-PRESTDENTS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 

Theodore  X.  (iii.r.,  1S81,  1S82 
*Chari.es  a.  White,  1883,  1884 
*(t.  Brown  Goode,  1885,  188() 
William  II.  Dall,  1887,  1888 
Lester  F.   Ward,   188<i,  18'.t() 
C.  Hart  Merriam,  18i»l,    \s\)2 
*C.  V.   Riley,   189;;,   ]8!t4 
Geo.   M.  Stern  hero,   ]8i)5,   ls9(i 
L.  O.  Howard,  LSiC,  1898 
Frederick  V.  Coville,   1899,   19iiil 
F.   A.  Lucas,   1901,   1902 
B.   W.  EvERMANN,  190:!,   1904 
F.  H.   Knowlton,   190."),   1906 
L.  Stejneger,  1907,  1908 


*l)cCl.'il.Sl'(l 


(iv) 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Officers  and  Coinniittecs  lor  I'.MO iii 

Proceedings  for  IDIO      vii 

Descriptif)ns  of  Two  New  ]\Inskrats,  by  X.  Hollister 1-L' 

Fnrtlier  Notes  on  Fishes  from  the  ("anal  Zone,  by  Barton  Warren 

pA'erniann  and  P^dnunid  Lee  Gold.sl)orongh 3-(i 

A  New  Crinoid  from  the  Solomon  Islands,  by  Austin  H.  Clark  .  7-8 

Records  of  Some  Reptiles  and  Batrachians  from  the  Southeastern 

Tniteil  States,  by  C.  S.  Brimley TI-IS 

Brief  Synopsis  of  the  Waterrats  of  Europe,  by  (ierrit  S.  [Miller,  Jr.  I!»-2L* 

Notes    on   Mannnals    of   the   [Middle   [Mississippi    Valley,   with 
Description  of  a  New  Woodrat,  l)y  Artluir  H.  Howell  ....        23-o-i 

The  Stridulations  of  Some  Katydids,  by  H.  A.  Allard 35-40 

New  Genera  and  Species  of  lssid;e  (  Fulgorid;e),  I>y  E.  D.  Ball  .  41-4(i 
The  Scales  of  the  Atherinid  Fishes,  l)y  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  .  .  .  47-4S 
The  West  African  Forest  Vifs:  (Hylochoerus  rimator  Thomas),  hj 

(xlover  M.  Allen 49-52 

Diagnoses  of  New  Forms  of   [MicropudidtC  and  TrochiliiUe,  by 

Rol)ert  Ridgway ".    .        53-56 

The  Generic  Name  of  the  Hou.se  Rats,  by  Gerrit  S.  [\riller,  Jr.  .  57-60 
The  Scales  of  the  Clupeid  Fishes,  by  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell  ....  61-64 
A  New  Bird  from  the  Island  of  Ceram,  Moluccas,  \>y  F.  Muir 

ami  .1.  C.  Kershaw 65-66 

Unrecorded  Specimens  of  Two  Rare  Hawaiian  Birds,  l)y  Out- 
ram  Bangs (i7-70 

New  or  Rare  Birds  from  A\'estern  Colombia,  by  Outram  Bangs  .  71-76 
On  the  Name  and  Synonomy  of  the  Antillean  Sharp-shinned 

Hawk,  by  J.  H.  Riley 77-78 

Tw(j  New  Pocket  Gophers  of  the  Genus  Tliomomi/ft,  by  'N'ernon 

Bailey 79-80 

Fletcher  Lake,  Indiana,  and  its  F'lora  and  Fauna,  by  Barton  W. 

Evermann  and  II.  Walton  Clark  .    .        .        81-88 

A  New  (tciius  of  Amphibia  Salientia  from  Dutch  New  (iuinea, 

by  Thomas  Barbour      89-90 

On  the   Nature  of  the  Teeth  in  Ctenoid  Scales,  by  T.  D.  A. 

Cockerell 91-94 

On  the  Type  Specimen  of  the  Crinoid  Descriljed  by  [Miiller  as 

Alecto  purpurea,])}/  Aufitin  Hobart  Clark 95-98 

General  Notes 9!)-100 

A  Note  Regarding  the  Green  Anolis  from  the  Northern  Baha- 
mas, by  Thomas  Barbour,  99;  Eleutherodactylus  rtcordii  in 
F'lorida,  by  Thinnas  Barbour,  100 ;  On  the  Name  of  the  Trinidad 
Ccereba,  by  J.  H.  Riley,  100. 
A  New  Microsorex  from  the  Mcinity  of  Washington,  D.  C,  by 
Edward  A.  Preble      101-102 


^^^^'^' 


vi  The  Biological  Society  of  Washington. 

A  New  Subspecies  of  Pigmy  Owl,  l)y  E.  AV.  Nelson 103-104 

A  New  Humming  Bird  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  de  Santa  ^larta, 

Colombia,  liy  Outram  Bangs 10o-10(i 

A  New  Tinamou  from  Lake  Titicaca,  l)y  Outram  Bangs    .    .    .        107-IOS 

Jiera  lonfjicomis   Lucas  Referred  to  the  (ienus  Stemiriiini,  liy 

Harriet  Richardson IO!i-lin 

On  the  Scales  of  Some  IMalacopterygian  Fishes,  by  T.  D.  A. 
Cockerell 111-111 

Description  of  a  New  Solitary  Spadefoot  (Scaphiopus  hnrlcrii) 
from  Texas,  with  other  Herpetological  Notes,  Ity  John  K. 
Strecker,  Jr llo-lL'2 

C^neral  Notes 123-lL'-l 

Notes  on  Some  Names  of  Lions,  l)y  N.  Hollister,  ]2.>;  The  use 
of  Epimys  in  a  Generic  Sense,  by  R.  Lydekker,  124;  Incuba- 
tion Period  of  Box-Turtle  Eggs,  by  Wells  W.  Cooke,  124. 

A  New  Muskrat  from  tlie  (ireat  Plains,  by  N.  Hollister    ....     125-12(3 

Ursus  sheldoni,  a  New  Bear  from  ^Montague  Poland,  l>y  C.  Hart 
Merriam 127-130 

On  a  Collection  of  Fishes  from  the  Olymjiic  Peninsula,  together 
with  Notes  on  ()ther  West  Coast  Species,  by  Barton  Warren 
Evermann  and  Homer  Barker  Latimer i:')l-i40 

The  Scales  of  the  African  Cyprinid  Fishes,  with  a  Discussion  of 

Related  Asiatic  and  European  Species,  Vjy  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell     141-l.-)2 

Two  New  Woodpeckers  from  Central  America,  by  W.  E.  Clyde 
Todd lo:',-lo(i 

On  a  Collection  of  Fishes  from  the  Lower  Potomac,  the  Entrance 
of  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  from  Streams  Flowing  into  these 
AVaters,  by  Barton  Warren  Evermann  and  Samuel  Frederick 
Hildebrand  ...       1.57- l(i4 

The  Amphibian  Generic  Name  Engystoma  Untenaljle,  by  Leon- 
hard  Stejneger Kio-Ki-S 

A  New  Colubrine  Snake  from  Java,  by  Thomas  Barljuur      .    .    .    l(j'J-170 

Description  of  a  New  Genus  and  Species  of  Bivalve  from  the 
Coronado  Islands,  Lower  California,  by  AVilliam  H.  Dall     .    .    171    172 

Two  New  AVoodpeckers  from  the  Isle  of  Pines,  A\'est  Indies,  by 

Outram  Bangs I7:')-.171 

PLATES 
1.   Facing  p.  ItO.     Pomatops  valvifera  ^•Arhmw .     Type. 
II.       "  IK).     Engystoma   areolata    Strecker,    Euineccs  2)achyiinii< 

Cope,  and  Scaphiopus  hurterii  Strecker. 
III.       "  152.     Scales  of  Cyprinidte. 

TEXT  FIGURES. 
Page  88.     Etheostoma  hildebrandti  p]vermaiin  and  Clarke.     Type. 
91.     Scale  of  Neomxnis  griseus. 

02.     Scales  of  Anisotremus  virginicus  and  Citharidium  ansorgii. 
\)1.    Alecto  purpurea  J.  Miiller.     Type. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  vii-xi  January  28,  1911 

PROCEEDINGS 


BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


PROCEEDINGS. 


The  Society  meets  in  the  Asseml)ly  Hall  of  the  Cosmos  Club 
on  alternate  Saturdays  at  8  p.  m.*  Brief  notices  of  the  meet- 
ings and  abstracts  of  papers  presented  are  ])ViI)lished  in  Science. 

January  8,  1910— 464th  Meeting. 

President  T.  8.  Palmer  in  the  chair  and    ')o  ])ersons  present. 

Vernon  Bailey  exhibited  the  skull  and  beak  of  the  Anhinga. 

The  following  communications  were  presented: 

The  muskrat  industry-  in  Maryland:    D.  E.  Lantz. 

From  Nairobi  to  Washington  with  a  collection  of  living 
animals:    A.  B.  Baker. 

The  present  status  of  the  chestnut  tree  disease  in  the  United 
States:    Haven  Metcalf. 

January  22,  1910— 465th  Meeting. 

President  Palmer  in  the  chair  and  9<S  persons  present. 

The  following  communication  was  presented  : 

Fluctuations  of  animal  population  in  the  Northwest:  Ernest 
T.  Seton. 

The  discussion  was  by  T.  S.  Palmer,  Barton  W.  Evermann, 
Vernon  Bailey,  A.  D.  Hopkins,  and  others,  and  was  closed  by 
Mr.  Seton. 

February  12,  1910— 466th  Meeting. 

Vice-President  E.  W.  Nelson  in  the  chair  and  72  persons 
present. 

•Meetings  for  the  early  part  of  the  year  were  held  in  the  West  Hall  of  George 
Washington  University. 

vii 


viii  The  Biological  Society  of  Washington. 

Barton  W .  Evermanii  announced  the  arrival  at  the  Bureau 
of  Fisheries  of  two  j'oung  fur  seals,  the  first  of  these  animals  to 
be  successfully  fed  in  captivitj\ 

The  following  communications  were  presented: 

Alaskan  and  other  far-northern  mosquitoes:    L.  O.  Howard. 

A  collecting  trip  to  Alaska:    A.  S.  Hitchcock. 

March  5,  1910— 467th  Meeting. 

The  president  in  the  chair  and  2o  jxTsons  in-cscnt. 

General  Wilcox  reported  the  taking  of  a  skunk  at  Woodley 
Park. 

The  following  connuunications  were  presented: 

Remarks  on  a  restoration  of  Basilosauros  cctoidcH :  .J.  \\ . 
G id ley. 

The  stridulations  of  some  "katydids":    H.  A.  AHard. 

Japanese  goldfish:    Hugh  M.  Smith. 

March  19,  1910— 468th  Meeting. 

The  president  in  the  chair  and  -"il  persons  present. 

W.  J.  SpiUnian  cxhitiited  hoi^fs  and  foot-lHincs  of  the  mule- 
footed  hog. 

H.  \V.  Clark  reported  that  he  had  ()l)Served  a  humming  hird 
and  other  birds  feeding  on  sap  that  was  oozing  from  a  wounded 
red-oak . 

The  following  communications  were  i)resented: 

The  birds  of  Midway  Island:    Paul  Bartsch. 

International  fisheries  regulations:    Barton  W .  Evermann. 

April   2,  1910— 469th  Meeting. 

The  president  in  the  ciiair  and  ;>()  i)ersons  present. 

C.  D.  iMarsh  reported  the  receipt  of  interesting  copepods 
from  northern  Lake  Michigan,  through  V.  L.  Shelford  of 
Chicago  University. 

T.  S.  Palmer  reported  plans  of  Professor  Watson  to  continue 
his  observations  on  the  homing  instinct  of  birds. 

The  following  communication  was  presented  : 

A  hasty  visit  to  some  foreign  zoological  gardens:  A.  B. 
Baker. 


Proceedings.  ix 

April  16,  1910-470th  Meeting. 

Dr.  L.  O.  Howainl  in  the  cliiiir  an<l  37  persons  present. 

Dr.  C.  L.  Ludlow  reported  the  purchase  of  ripe  strawherries 
with  all  the  petals  still  attached. 

H.  \\^  C'lark  reported  observations  on  the  three  types  of 
flowers  and  fruit  of  the  hog  peanut. 

The  following  communication  was  presented  : 

The  mosquito  campaign  in  New  Jersey:   Prof.  John  B.  Smith. 

The  paper  was  discussed  by  L.  0.  Howard,  Barton  \V.  Ever- 
mann,  C.  D.  Ludlow,  and  Frederick  Knal). 

April  30,  1910— 471st  Meeting. 

The  president  in  the  chair  and  27  persons  present. 

Barton  W.  Evermann  reported  changes  in  management  of 
the  Fur  Seal  Islands. 

T.  S.  Palmer  described  the  Crlacier  National  Park  about  to  be 
estal)lished  in  northern  Montana. 

He  also  called  attention  to  the  field  trips  of  the  Audubon 
Society  on  Saturdays  during  spring  bird  migration. 

The  following  connnunications  were  pn^senttnl  : 

Two  aspects  of  the  species  question  :   Edward  L.  Greene. 

On  the  occurrence  and  habits  of  waterfowl  in  the  south- 
eastern United  States:   \\ .  L.  McAtee. 

October  15,  1910— 472d  Meeting. 

Vice-President  Nelson  in  the  cliair  and  33  persons  present. 

Vernon  Bailey  reported  large  numbers  of  very  tame  quails 
within  the  city  of  Washington. 

The  following  communication  was  presented: 

Work  of  the  Committee  on  Nomenclature  at  theGraz  Zoologi- 
cal Congress:    Ch.  Wardell  Stiles.* 

Discussed  by  L.  O.  Howard,  Marcus  W.  Ly(jn,  Theod(n'e  Gill, 
E.  W.  Nelson,  and  Dr.  Stiles. 

October  29,  1910— 473d  Meeting. 

President  Palmer  in  the  chair  and  56  persons  present. 
Vernon  Bailey  exhibited  specimens  of  the  feet  of  sharp  tailed 
and  pinnated  grouse. 

•  Published  in  Science. 


X  Thr  Biological  Society  of  Washingto7i . 

The  following  communications  were  presented: 
Some  foreign  entomologists  and  their  work:    L.  0.   Howard. 
Periodic  movements    of    liirds    in    relation   to   the  weather: 
\V.  \V.  Cooke. 


November  12,  1910 — 474th  Meeting. 

The  president  in  the  chair  and  38  persons  present. 

Barton  ^\^  Evermann  reported  the  arrival  at  Seattle  of  a 
shipment  of  ten  yonng  fur  seals  intended  for  the  National 
Zoological  Park  and  other  places  of  exhibit. 

The  following  communications  were  presented: 

A  new  jaguar  record  for  Texas  :  Vernon  Bailej-. 

Forage  jilant  investigations  in  Mexico  :   A.  S.  Hitchcock. 

Pear  thrips  investigations  in  California:    A.  L.  Quaintance. 


November  26,  1910— 475th  Meeting. 

The  president  in  the  chair  and  145  persons  present. 

O.  P.  Hay  exliil)ited  the  remnant  of  the  upper  portion  of  a 
mammoth's  tusk,  found  in  Alaska. 

The  following  communication  was  presented  : 

Flashlight  photographs  of  wild  mammals:  Hon.  (ieorge 
Shiras  3d. 


December  10,  1910— 476th  Meeting 

THIKTV-FIRST  ANNIAL  >fKETIX(;. 

President  Palmer  in  the  chair  and  31  loersons  present. 

The  reports  'of  the  recording  secretary  and  treasuix'r  were 
read  and  accepted. 

The  following  officin's  were  elected  for  the  year  11)11  : 

President :   David  White. 

Vice-Presidents  :  W.  P.  Hay,  E.  W.  Nelson,  J.  N.  Rose,  and 
E.  L.  Greene. 

Recording  Secretary  :   D.  E.  Lantz. 

Corresponding  Secretary  :   N.  Hollister. 

Treasurer:  .J.  \V.  Gidley. 

Members  of  the  Council:  A.  D.  lIoi)kins,  A.  K.  Fisher, 
Vernon  Bailey,  A.  B.  Baker,  Paul  Bartsch. 


Proceedings. 


XI 


President  David  White  was  elected  vice-president  to  represent 
the  Biological  Society  in  the  Washington  Academy  of  Science. 

Tlie  following  chairmen  of  committees  were  appointed  by  the 
chair  :* 

On  Puiilications:    W.  P.  Hay. 

On  Communications  :   Vernon  Bailey. 


'Additional  meraljers  of  tlicse  committees  were  appointed  at  the  next  meeting  as 

follows:  Puhlication.s,  N.  IlDllistcr  iiiid  i.  \V.  Uidley,   C'omnuiniciitioiis,  I'aid  Bartseli 
and  Albert  Mann. 


Vol.  XXllI,  pp.  1-2  February  2,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  JNIUSKRATS. 

BY  X.   HOLLTSTER.  \<^       . 


■  A  systematic  study  of  the  muskrats  discloses  two  unnamed 
subspecies,  preliminary  descriptions  of  which  are  herewith 
presented.  Both  new  forms  are  based  upon  specimens  in  the 
collection  of  the  United  States  Biological  Surve3^ 

Fiber  zibethicus  mergens  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Fallon,  Nevada.  No.  156,880X1.  S.  National  Museum,  Bio- 
logical Survey  Collection.  9  adult,  skin  and  skull.  April  3,  11)08. 
Collected  by  S.  E.  Piper. 

General  characters. — Differs  trom  F.  z.  osoyoosensis  in  its  much  paler 
color  and  distinct  dorsal  stripe,  and  from  F.  z.  pallidus  in  its  large  size 
and  darker  colors. 

Color. — Fresh  pelage:  Above  grayish  brown;  head  and  dorsal  area 
blackish;  cheeks,  shoulders,  and  sides  rusty;  underparts  creamy  white 
with  central  area  pale  cinnamon  or  russet;  usual  spot  on  chin  blackish 
brown.  Fall  specimens  before  the  black  hairs  have  come  in  are  some- 
times quite  rusty  above.  Worn  or  washed  out  pelage:  Above  uniform 
pale  yellowish  brown ;  sides  and  underparts  with  little  rusty. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  smaller  than  that  of  osoiioosensis,  with 
shorter  rostrum,  more  broadly  spreading  zygomata,  and  heavier  jugal ; 
much  larger  than  that  of  pallidus. 

Measurements  of  type. — Total  length,  540;  tail  vertebrae,  240;  hind  foot, 
76.  Skull:  Basal  length,  61.6;  zygomatic  breadth,  40;  palatal  length,  39. o; 
length  of  nasals,  21 ;  breadth  of  nasals,  9.8 ;  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar 
series,  15.5. 

Remarks. — Fiber  z.  mergens  is  a  pale  form  of  the  osoyoosensis  type, 
occupying  the  northern  part  of  the  Great  Basin.  There  is  no  evidence  of 
direct  intergradation  with  the  very  different  pallidus  on  the  south. 

Fiber  zibethicus  zaiophus  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Becharof  Lake,  Alaska.  No.  131,488  U.  S.  National  Museum, 
Biological  Survey  Collection.  Skin  and  skull.  October,  1903.  Collected 
by  A.  G.  Maddren. 

1— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  XXIII.  1910.  (1) 


2  Hollister — Descriptions  of  Two  New  Muskrnts. 

General  characters. — Tail  short;  hind  foot  small;  skull  with  zygomata 
not  broadly  spreading  anteriorly;  molars  small. 

Color. — Fresh  pelage:  General  tone  of  upperparts  bistre,  darkest  on 
back  and  hips,  with  little  or  no  rusty  coloring;  sides  like  back,  but  with 
a  slight  russet  tinge;  brown  spot  on  chin  reduced  to  a  mere  streak. 
Underparts  creamy  white  with  a  cinnamon  wash,  varying  in  its  intensity, 
and  shading  to  white  on  throat  and  hind  legs;  lips  whitish.  Worn  or 
washed  out  pelage:  Upperparts  russet  to  cinnamon,  varying  greatly  in 
the  specimens  at  hand,  but  usually  showing  much  more  red  than  in  fresh 
coat,  or  in  any  pelage  of  F.  z.  spatidatus. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  with  zygomata  not  broadly  spreading  ante- 
riorly as  in  spatulatus ;  rostrum  and  nasals  longer;  parietals  very  small, 
squamosal  covering  most  of  area  of  braincase,  even  in  young  animals; 
interorbital  ridge  extreme  in  development  into  a  blade-like  crest;  teeth 
small. 

Measurements. — The  series  from  the  type  locality  was  received  without 
flesh  measurements.  The  length  of  hind  foot  of  the  type,  taken  from  the 
dry  specimen,  is  G6.  Four  adults  from  Lake  Clark  and  Cook  Inlet, 
Alaska,  measured  in  the  flesh,  average:  Total  length,  533;  tail  vertebrae, 
228;  hind  foot,  69.7.  Skull  of  type:  Basal  length,  60;  zygomatic  breadth, 
38.3;  palatal  length,  38.3;  length  of  nasals,  20.9;  breadth  of  nasals,  9.2; 
alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  14.4. 

Remarks. — Fiber  z.  zalophus  is  a  well  marked  form  easily  separated 
from  spatulatus  by  a  niimber  of  constant  characters.  It  ranges  from  the 
Alaska  Peninsula  to  the  Cook  Inlet  region. 


y 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  3-6  March  23,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


FUrvTHER  NOTES  ON  FISHES  FROM  THE  CANAL 

ZONE.* 

BY   BARTON  WARREN  EVI']R:\[ANN  AND 
EDMUND  LEE  GOLDSBOKOLXai. 


In  these  Proceedings  for  June  25,  lOOU  (Vol.  XXII,  pp.  95- 
104),  the  present  writers  reported  on  a  small  collection  of  fishes 
obtained  in  the  Canal  Zone  by  Mr.  August  Busck  of  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum  and  Mr.  Allan  H.  Jennings,  of  the  Sanitary 
Inspection  Service,  Canal  Zone.  In  that  paper  were  recorded 
19  species,  one  of  which  {Cheirodon  gorgotise)  was  described  as 
new. 

Since  the  publication  of  that  report  we  have  received  from 
]Mr.  Jennings  another  small,  but  interesting,  collection  embrac- 
ing 133  specimens  rejoresenting  14  species,  which  are  here 
recorded.  In  this  connection  we  wish  to  express  our  apprecia- 
tion of  the  interest  which  INIr.  Jennings  has  taken  in  collecting 
the  fishes  of  the  Canal  Zone.  He  is  especially  interested  in  the 
food  of  the  freshwater  fishes  and  its  relation  to  the  mosquito 
problem.  Much  that  we  now  know  regarding  the  fishes  of  the 
Canal  Zone  and  their  food,  we  owe  to  him. 

Famh.y  SILURID.E. 

THE  fATFISHES. 

Pimelodus  chagresi  Steiiidachiier. 
Une  specimen  5  inches  long.     No  definite  locality  given. 

Family  CHARACINID.E. 

THE  CHARACINS. 

Piabucina  panamensis  Gill. 
One  specimen  2^^  inches  long  from  a  sluggish  stream  emptying  into  a 
(lammed-up  lake  at  Gatun,  August  lo.     Dorsal  10;    anal  10;    scales  2(5, 

*  Published  by  permission  of  Hon.  Geo.  M.  Bowers,  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fish- 
eries. 

2— Proc.  Biol,  Soc.  Wash.,  XXIII,  I'.ilO.  (:!) 


4     Emrmann  and  Goldsborovgh — Fishes  from  the  Canal  Zone. 

'Sir.  Jennings  says  tliii^  species  grows  to  a  length  of  at  least  8  inches,  and 
he  did  not  observe  it  at  any  other  point. 

Brycon  striatulus  (  Kner). 
^?ix  specimens  o  to  334  inches. 

Astyanax  fischeri  Steindachner. 

( »ne  specinu-n  o  inches  long  from  Comacho  River  helow  reservoir  dam 
at  Empire,  Jtme  IS. 

Astyanax  a^neus  (Giinther). 

Two  specimens  2%  and  l''f{  inches  long  from  Comacho  Kiver  below  res- 
ervoir dam  at  P^mpire,  Jnne  18 ;  twelve  specimens  '^'g  to  2%  inches  long,  no 
definite  locality;  one  13^  inches  long  from  Tabernilla,  taken  in  January; 
anil  two,  1^4  and  l)^  inches  long,  from  a  shiggish  stream  emptying  into  a 
dammed-up  lake  at  Gatnn,  August  15.  The  specimen  from  Tabernilla  was 
kept  by  Mr.  Jennings  in  an  aipiarium  for  more  than  o  months.  It  ate 
3o  mosquito  larvje  in  one  day  and  20  the  next. 

Astyanax  mexicanus  (Filipi)i). 

Five  specimens  I's  to  2i<,  inches  long;  mi  delinite  data  given.  These 
have  the  dorsal  unifonnly  with  i>  rays ;  anal  ll>  or  14,  +  2  or  o  short  simple 
rays;  scales  o3  to  35;  teeth  in  maxillary  in  2  rows,  2  teeth  in  outer  and 
4  in  inner  row;  outside  of  this  outer  maxillary  row  is  a  single  irregular 
row  of  teeth  in  the  ]ireinaxillary.  These  specimens  agree  well  with  typical 
mciicanus,  except  in  the  number  of  anal  rays;  mexicanus  is  said  to  have 
from  17  to  24  branched  rays;  none  of  ours  has  more  than  14. 

Roeboides  guatemalensis  (Gimther). 
Six  specimens  2%  tn  '.)%  inches  long;  no  definite  locality  given.     Dor- 
.sal  10;  anal  40  to  50;  gillrakers  (i  -,-^0;  scales  78-85, 

F.\.Mii.Y  rcECTLIID.E. 

THE  KILLIFIsriES. 

Rivulus  isthmensis  Garmau, 

One  specimen  1  incli  long  from  a  swampy,  freshwater  pond  l)y  side  of 
railroad  atGatun,  .fuly  15.     Lives  on  bottom. 

Qambusia  nicaraguensis  (iunther. 

.'~^ix  specimens  1  to  1  r",^  inches  long  ^frrim  Cristobal,  August  4.  Mr.  .k'U- 
uings  says  these  liave  a  spot  on  side  near  vent.  This  spot  is  now  evident 
in  l)nt  two  of  the  specimens.  It  is  dusky  brown  and  covers  3  or  4  scales 
just  above  vent,  it  not  being  on  tiie  scale  immediately  over  vent.  Three 
specimens  %  to  I,',;  inches  long  from  Folks  River  Swamji  at  Cristobal, 
July  8,  and  four  ]14  to  1%  inches  long  from  same  place,  August  4. 

Gambusia  episcopi  Steindacliner. 

Fourteen  specimens  Ito  13^' inches  long;  no  definite  locality  given.  These 
all  show  distinctly  the  black  sj)ot  at  base  of  anal  wliich  seems  to  be  char- 
acteristic of  this  species.     One  si)ecimen   138  inches  long  from  swampy 


Evermann  and  Goldsborough — Fishes  from  the  Canal  Zone,     b 

freshwater  pond  at  side  of  railroad  at  Gatnn,  July  15.  Nine  ft-male  speci- 
mens \}4  to  2%  inches  long  and  one  male  13^8  inches  long  from  reservoir 
at  New  Porto  Bello,  February  10,  1909.  ]Mr.  Jennings  says  this  is  the  most 
abundant  and  characteristic  species,  ])ut  not  very  efficient  larvte  destroyers. 
It  appears  to  be  chiefly  a  bottom  feeder. 

Poecilia  sphenops  Cuvier  and  Valencienne~. 
Eighteen  specimens  l}4  to  2  inches  long  from  Folks  Kiver  Swamp,  Cris- 
tobal, August  A.  These  show  the  many  variations  of  this  species  indi- 
cated l)y  IJegan  in  BiologiaCentrali  Americana.  Onesjiecimen  \%  inches 
long  from  reservoir  at  New  Porto  Bello,  February  10,  1909.  Dorsal  9; 
anal  ii,  S;  scales  2G.  Teeth  conical  or  pointed,  some  of  them  slightly 
truncate,  and  one  or  two  tricuspid.  One  female  specimen  2%  inches 
long  from  Ancon.  This  flsh  was  kept  in  a  tank  for  o  months  and  pre- 
served June  IS.  Six  females  and  one  male,  %  to  1%  inches  long;  no 
definite  locality  given.  These  each  show  a  distinct  black  spot  at  anterior 
base  of  dorsal  tin,  covering  ?>  or  4  rays.  The  modified  anal  tin  is  evident 
in  all,  even  in  the  very  small  one.  In  the  largest  example  the  anal  is 
entirely  in  advance  of  dorsal  tin  and  in  the  others  it  is  variously  .so,  its 
origin  grading  back  to  directly  under  origin  of  dorsal.  The  origin  of  the 
dorsal  is  uniformly  ecpially  distant  from  tip  of  snout  and  middle  of  caudal 
tin.  Seven  specimens  %  to  lyV  inclies  long  froniGatun,  August  15.  These 
all  show  7  or  8  distinct  vertical  bars  on  body  and  5  of  the  smaller  ones  show 
the  black  sjiot  at  anterior  l)ase  of  dorsal. 

Famii.v  MUGILID.E. 

THE  Ml'LLETS. 

Agonostomus  monticola  (Bancroft). 

One  specimen  o inches  long;  no  detinite  locality  given.  Four  specimens 
each  al)out  2^4  inches  long  from  stream  l)elow  reservoir  at  foot  of  dam  at 
New  Porto  Bello,  February  10,  1909.  IMr.  Jennings  says  these  are  found 
in  swift  water  only  and  will  not  live  in  ordinary  confinement.  Habits  as 
to  larv;c  not  observed. 

Famii.v  CICHLIDyE, 

TIIK  CICIILIDS. 

Acara  coeruleopunctata  Kncr  and  Steindadiner. 

( )ne  six'cimen  2  inches  long  from  Gatun,  August  15.  Mr.  Jennings  says 
tills  fish  came  from  a  sluggish  stream  emptying  into  a  dammed-U])  lake  at 
( iatim,  and  that  the  species  is  apparently  widely  distril)Uteil  in  the  Chagres 
Kiver  and  tributaries,  of  wliicli  this  stream  is  one. 

Qeophagus  crassilabris  Steindachner. 
Five  specimens  2%  to  o'^g  inches  long  from  Canal  Zone.     Dorsal  N\'I, 
10;  anal  III,  7;  scales  oO. 

Neetroplus  nematopus  (iuntlur. 

Two  specimens  2%  ami  ?>%  inche.>5  long.  These  specimens  are  very 
badly  preserved,  the  scales  being  rubbed  ott'  of  the  anterior  part  of  the 


n     Evermani)  and  Goldsbo rough — Fishes  from  the  Canal  Zone. 

HinalltTone  and  over  much  of  anterior  lower  part  of  the  hirger  example. 
The  smaller  one  has  dorsal  XVI,  8;  and  V^I,  7;  the  larger  one  has  dor- 
sal XVII,  10;  anal  \'I,  7;  scales  30.  Each  shows  a  white  bar  at  base  of 
caudal  rays,  none  of  it  on  scales,  Ijlack  ])osterior  to  this  bar;  body  of  fish 
luiiform  dark  l)rown. 

Family  GOBIID.E. 

THE  GOBIE.S. 

Eleotris  pisonis  (imelin. 
One  specimen  \%  inches   Ions  from   Beach   Island   Swami),  Cristoljal, 
August  IS.     This  is  brackish  water.     The  feeding  haluts  of  the  tish  were 
not  observed. 

Dormitator  maculatus  (Bloch). 

Four  specimens  \}4  to  ;>%  inches  long  from  Folk  Kiver  Swamp. 
Nine  specimens  2%  to  ;5%  inches  long  from  Ancon.  One  sjiecimcn 
2%  inches  long  from  Ani-on  was  kept  in  a  tank  ."  months  and  ]>rc- 
servc(l  .lune  IS.  FJcvcn  sjicciuK'Hs  1^2  to  1'  inches  long  from  New 
I'orto  Bello,  Fel»ruary  10,  from  stream  entering  reservoir  from  sontii. 
]Mr.  .Jennings  says:  "  Very  shy,  irihabit  bottom,  hiding  under  stones,  etc. 
Habits  as  to  larva'  and  adaptability  to  confinement  not  observed."  One 
spt'cimen  1  inch  long  from  running  ditch  of  fresh  water,  with  growth  of 
algfC  at  Cristobal,  .July  1.  Mr.  Jennings  says  its  food  habits  are  not 
known.  It  remains  nuich  at  the  l)ottom.  Two  specimens  \  and  1  inch 
long  from  Folks  Biver  Swamp,  Cristobal,  August  4;  from  mangrove 
swamp,  water  lirackisii,  swani])  not  iufreiinently  overflown,  l)ut  these  lish 
l)ore  clianjre  to  fresh  water  well. 


Vol.  XXlll,  pp.  7-8  March  23,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY   OF  WASHINGTON 


A  NEW  CRINOID   FROM  THE  SOLOMON  ISLANDS. 
BY  AUSTIN  H.  CLARK. 


The  trustees  of  the  Australian  Museum  at  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales,  through  the  curator,  Mr.  Robert  Etheridge,  Jr.,  have 
recently  accorded  me  the  privilege  of  examining  their  extensive 
and  valuable  collections  of  recent  crinoids.  The  full  report 
upon  the  material  will  shortly  be  pul)lished  in  the  "Australian 
Museum  Records  "  in  the  form  of  a  monograph  upon  the  crinoid 
fauna  of  Australia.  It  has  seemed  advisable,  however,  to  pre- 
sent in  advance  the  diagnosis  of  an  interesting  new  species  from 
the  Solomon  Islands  which  was  included  among  the  specimens 
sent  to  me. 

I  take  this  opportunity  of  thanking  the  trustees  of  the  Austra- 
lian Museum  and  the  curator,  Mr.  Etheridge,  for  their  kindness 
and  generosity  in  submitting  to  me  for  study  their  very  impor- 
tant collections,  the  examination  of  which  has  served  to  clear 
up  many  hitherto  obscure  points  in  regard  to  the  interrelation- 
ships of  the  Australian  crinoid  fauna. 

Colobometra  diadema  sp.  nov. 

Type  locaJity. — Ugi,  Solomon  Islands.  The  type  specimen  is  in  the 
collection  of  the  Anstralian  ]\Iuseum. 

Cirri  xi,  33-40,  22  mm.  long,  in  general  resembling  those  of  €'.  veprctum. 

Interambulacral  areas  of  disk  completely  covered  witli  large  plates. 

Ten  arms  abont  70  mm.  long,  more  slender  tlian  those  of  C.  vepretiim. 

Pa  absent;  Pi  10  mm.  long,  rigid  and  spinelike,  resembling  P2,  witli 
twelve  segments,  the  first  two  not  so  long  as  broad,  the  third  slightly 
tapering  and  twice  as  long  as  the  distal  diameter,  the  following  much 
elongated,  nearly  or  quite  four  times  as  long  as  broad;  P2  to  P5  similar, 
but  12  mm.  long;  following  pinnules  shorter,  more  slender,  and  less 
stiffened;  distal  pinnules  12  mm.  long,  very  slender,  the  segments  with 
long  spines  on  their  distal  edges. 

3— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (7) 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  9-18  March  23,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


RECORDS  OF  SOME  REPTILES   AND    BATRACHIANS_ 
FROM  THE  SOUTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES.    \^ 


BY  C.  S.  BRIMLEY.  \^ 


'^/f/  . 


In  the  last  fifteen  years  I  have  purchased  a  good  many  rep- 
tiles and  batrachians  from  points  in  the  southeastern  States, 
and  as  they  include  a  number  of  notable  occurrences,  it  seems 
to  me  advisable  to  publish  a  list  of  the  species  received,  with 
the  localities  from  which  they  came.  All  those  received  from 
States  other  than  Florida  were  sent  me  alive,  while  from  Florida 
both  living  and  preserved  specimens  have  been  received.  The 
localities  from  which  I  have  received  material  are  as  follows: 
Mississipjn :  Bay  St.  Louis,  Hancock  County. 
Alabama  :  Greensboro,  Hale  Count3^ 

Georgia:  Mimsville,  Baker  County;  Riceboro,  Liberty  County. 
Florida:  Green  Cove  Springs,  Clay  County;  Hastings,  St.  John 
County;  Orlando,  Orange  County;  Fruitland  Park,  Lake 
County;  Belleair,  Tarpon  Springs,  St.  Petersburg  and  Fort 
Meade,  Hillsboro  County;  Miami,  Dade  County;  Key  West, 
Monroe  County;   Tallahassee,  Leon  County. 

In  some  cases  only  a  very  few  specimens  were  received  from 
a  locality,  while  in  other  instances  they  comprised  a  very  respect- 
able proportion  of  the  herpetological  fauna  of  the  place.  The 
detailed  list  follows.  I  have  not  deemed  it  necessary  to  give 
comments  in  every  case. 

Ambly stoma  talpoideum. 

MOLE  SALAMANDER. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  over  thirty  specimens  received  in  the  winters 
of  181)7  to  1900;  Mimsville,  Georgia,  1  received  alive  February  7,  190o. 

1— Proc.  Biol.  Sue.  \V.\sh.,  XXIII,  I'JIO.  (9) 


10     Brlmley — Ecptilcs  and  Batrachians  of  Southcad  United  States. 

Plethodon  glutinosus. 

VISCID  SALAMANDER. 

Bay  St.  l^ouis,  Mississippi,  May  24,  1900,  1 ;  ]\Iimsville,  Georgia,  Feb- 
ruary 7,  1902,  12;  CJreen  Cove  Springs,  Florida,  April,  1898,  1. 

Spelerpes  guttolineatus. 

HOLHKOOK'S  TRITON. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  Fel»ruary  S,  1S98,  1. 

Desmognathus  fusca. 

BROWN  TRITON. 
Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  T)ecOMil)t'r,  IS'.l?,  and  .Alarcli,  1S9S,  .5. 
Desmognathus  fusca  auriculata. 

SOITHERN  TRITON. 

Hastings,  Florida,  July,  1898,  3.  Prol)al)ly  the  ^Mississippi  specimen.^ 
belong  here  also. 

Diemyctylus  viridescens. 

AMERICAN  NEWT. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  December,  1897,  February,  19i)l,  S;  Orlando, 
Florida,  July,  190o,  1 ;  (ireeu  Cove  Springs,  Florida,  .Inly,  ISOS,  4. 

Amphiuma  means. 

TWO-TOED   DITCH   EEL. 

Hastings,  Florida,  nuinerf)us  small  and  medium  sized  specimens  and 
four  lots  of  eggs  in  1900  and  1901.  The  eggs  were  all  taken  in  July  under 
logs  in  the  partially  dry  mud  of  dried  up  pools.  Orlando,  ()ct()l)er  17, 
1904,  2. 

Amphiuma  tridactyla. 

THREE-TOED  DITCH  EEL. 

(rreensboro,  Alabama,  numerous  specimens  received  every  spring  for 
the  last  ten  years. 

Siren  lacertina. 

OKK.XT  SIRKX. 

Hastings,  Florida,  April,  I'.IO],  .hily,  I!l02,  2;  Orlando,  Florida,  over 
a  dozen  received  at  various  times,  mostly  small;  (ireen  Cove  Springs, 
Florida,  May,  1898,  2. 

Pseudobranchus  striatus. 

LITTLE  SIREN. 

Orlando,  Florida,  1,  loO  nun.  long,  received  January  27,  1910. 

Scaphiopus  holbrooki. 

SOLlT.MtV  SI'.VDEKOOT. 

Key  West,  Florida,  1  young  one,  April,  190i>;  Miauii,  Florida,  Novem- 
ber, 1900,  1;  Orlando,  Florida,  August,  1902,  1. 


Brimley — Reptiles  and  Batrachians  of  Southeast  United  States.     11 

Bufo  quercicus. 

DWARF  TOAD. 

Eect'ivc'd  from  Hastiuo;.),  Orlando,  (Jreen  Cove  Si)riiiufS  and  St.  Peter.*!- 
Imrir,  all  in  Florida.     Evidently  common  at  the  first  ami  last  two  places. 

Bufo  lentiginosus. 

SOUTHERN  TOAD. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mis.sissippi ;  Mimsville,  Georgia;  Riceboro,  Georgia; 
Belleair,  Florida;  Fort  Meade,  Florida. 

Lithodytes  ricordii. 

RKORD'.S  LITIK  >DYTES. 

Key  West,  Florida,  1,  in  April,  19Ui>. 

Acris  gryllus. 

CRICKET  FROC. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi;  (Jreen  Cove  Springs  and  Fruitland  Park, 
Florida. 

Chorophilus  ornatus. 

ORNATE  CllORlS  FROG. 

Hastings,  Florida,  June,  lilUl,  1;  ( J reen  Cove  Springs,  F^lorida,  July, 
1898,  5. 

Chorophilus  occidentalis. 

SMOOTH  CHORUS  FROG. 
Bay  St.  Louis,  ^Mississippi,  February  and  April,  1S9S,  ^^. 

Chorophilus  nigritus. 

ROUGH  CHORUS  FROG. 
Bay  St.  Louis,  Mis.sissippi,  February  10,  1898,  1. 

Hyla  gratiosa. 

GEORGIA  TREE  FROG. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  ^Mississippi,  two  received  in  1901.  Scattering  specimens 
received  at  various  times  from  Green  Cove  Springs,  ( )rlando,  Belleair, 
St.  Petersburg  antl  Fruitlantl  Park,  all  in  Florida. 

Hyla  cinerea. 

CAROLINA  TREE  FROG. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  al)undant.  In  Florida,  specimens  from 
Hastings,  Orlando  and  Fruitland  Park. 

Hyla  (sp. ) 

Bay  St.  Louis,  ^Iis.sissippi,  in  .January  and  February,  1901,  several 
specimens  of  a  tree  frog  with  the  sharjjly  defined  side  line  of  cinerea,  but 
with  dark  spots  on  the  back  like  squirella  were  received  from  this  place. 
My  notes  state  that  they  were  apparently  a  little  stouter  than  cinerea  and 
grayer  in  color.  A  single  specimen  reseml)ling  cinerea,  but  lacking  the 
yellow  line  on  the  side,  also  came  from  here. 


12     Brimley — HepHles  and  Batrachians  of  Southeast  United  States. 

Hyla  squirella. 

SQUIRREL  TREE  FROG. 

Abundant  at  Bay  St.  Louis,  ]Mi.ssis!?ippi ;  Orlando,  Hastings  and  Fruit- 
land  Park,  Florida;  specimens  also  from  Green  Cove  Springs,  Belleair 
and  St.  Petersburg. 

Hyla  femoralis. 

PINEWOODS  TREE  FROG. 

Specimens  from  Belleair,  Tarpon  Springs,  Orlando,  Green  t'ove  Springs 
and  Fruitland  Park,  Florida.  Apparently  less  common  than  cineren  an<l 
squirella. 

Hyla    versicolor. 

COMMON  TREE  FROG. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  3  specimens. 

Engystoma   carolinense. 

XAKKOW-MOUTHED  TOAD. 

Key  We.st,  Florida,  3  specimens,  April,  1909;  Belleair,  Floiida,  1,  July, 
1897;    Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  1,  February,  1S98. 

Rana  pipiens. 

LEOPARD  FROG. 

Received  from  Belleair,  St.  Petersburg  and  Fruitland  Park,  Florida; 
and  from  Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi. 

Rana  aesopus. 

(;()i'iiKU  KKoi;. 

From  Orlando,  Fort  ]\Ieade,  Tarpon  Springs,  Belleair  and  (iiven  Cove 
Springs,  Florida. 

Rana  catesbiana. 

BULL  FROG. 
Green  Cove  Springs,  Florida,  May,  1.S98,  L 

Anolis  principalis. 

GREEN  LIZARD. 
Bay  St.  Louis,  ^lississij)pi ;    Fruitland  Park,  Florida. 

Ophisaurus  ventralis. 

GLA.SS  .'^NAKE. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Missi.ssipjji;  Mimsville,  Georgia;  Orlando,  St.  Petersburg, 
Tarpon  Springs,  and  Belleair,  Florida. 

Liolepisma  laterale. 

(iROUND  LIZARD. 
Belleair  and  Orlando,  Florida. 

Eumeces  fasciatus. 

RLUE-TAILKD  l.l/.AUD. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  .Mississippi;  .Mimsville,  (ieorgia;  'rarium  Springs,  lU'lle- 
air  and  ( )rlandi>.  l'"|(irida. 


Brimley — Reptiles  and  Batrachians  of  Southeast  United  States.     13 

Rhineura  floridana. 

FLORIDA  BLIXDWOK.M. 

Orlando  ami  TarpDii  Springs,  Florida.  Apparently  common  at  ])otli 
})lacos. 

Parancia  abacura. 

IIOKX  SXAKK. 

:Mimsville,  Georgia,  ]\Iay  1(1,  1902,  1 ;  August  10,  190^,  1 ;  Riceboro, 
Georgia,  May  31,  1909,  1  five  feet  long;  also  1  specimen  each  from  Belle- 
air  and  Orlando,  Florida. 

Diadophis  punctatus. 

KIXG-XECKEl)  SXA KE. 

Numerous  specimens  from  Bay  St.  Louis,  ^Mississippi;  1  from  Riceboro, 
Georgia;  and  1  or  2  each  from  Orlando,  Tarpon  Springs  and  Hastings, 
Florida. 

Rhadinaea  flavilata. 

I5l;(  »\VX-lIEAr)El>  SXAKE. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  ^Mississippi,  abundant.  Two  specimens  from  Orlando, 
Florida. 

Heterodon  simus. 

IKXiXOSED  SXAKE. 

^Mimsville,  Georgia.     Apparently  rather  common. 

Heterodon  platyrhinus. 

SPKEADIXG  ADDER. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mis.sissippi,  1,  ^larch,  1901;  ^Mimsville,  Georgia,  and 
Riceboro,  Georgia,  common,  but  the  black  form  nuich  commoner  than 
the  spotted  one  at  these  two  places. 

Cyclophis  aestivus. 

SOUTHERX  (iREEX  SXAKE. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  ]Mississippi ;  ^limsville,  CJeorgia ;  St.  Petersburg  and 
Tarpon  Springs,  Florida. 

Bascanion  constrictor. 

BLACK  SNAKE. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  ^Mississippi ;  ]Mimsville,  (ieorgia;  Riceboro,  Georgia. 

Bascanion  flagellum. 

('OACHWIIll'. 

^limsville  and  Riceboro,  Georgia ;  and  Orlando,  Florida. 
Coluber  obsoletus  confinis. 

SPOTTED  CHICKEN  SNAKE. 
Only  from  ]Mimsville,  Georgia,  where  it  does  not  appear  to  be  common. 

Coluber  quadrivittatus. 

STRIPED  ClIRKEX  SXAKE. 

Ricel)oro,  (Jeorgia,  common;  also  1  each  from  ( )rhuido  and  Fort  ^h^ade, 
Florida. 


14     Brimley — Reptiles  and  Batmchians  of  Soutlicnst  United  States. 

Coluber  guttatus. 

RAT  SXAKE;  SPOTTED  RACER. 

Bay  St.  Lnni.^,  ^lississipj)!,  )^>;  comiiion  at  both  ]\Iiinsvillc  ami  llirclxirn, 

(ieorgia;  occasional  specimens  from  Orlando,  Tarpon  Springs  and   i'.rlK'- 

air,  Florida. 

Spilotes  corais  couperi. 

GOPHER   SNAKE. 
Onlj'  from  Eclleair  and  Orlando,  Florida. 

Pityophis  melanoleucus. 

PIXE  SNAKE. 

]\Iiinsville,  ( ieorgia,  2,  Juno  ;'>0,  lHOd;    a  few  specimens   from   Orlando, 

Florida. 

Ophibolus  getulus. 

KING  SNAKE. 
.Alimsville  and  lv'icel)oro,  (Jeorgia;  Orlando,  Florida. 

Ophibolus  getulus  sayi. 

WESTERN'   KIX(;  SNAKE. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Missi.>jsii)pi,  ■']. 

Ophibolus  coccineus. 

RED  KING  SNAKE. 
Bay  St.  Louis,  connnon;  also  from  Orlando  and  Tarpon  Springs,  Florida. 

Stilosoma  extenuatum. 

SHOUT-TAILED  SX.VKE. 

Fort  -Meade,  FU)ri(la,  1,  April  19,  1909;  Tari)on  Springs,  Florida,  1,  Jan- 
nary,  ]S97. 

Cemophora  coccinea. 

SCARLET  SNAKE. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  ^Mississippi,  2;  ]\Iimsville,  Oeorgia,  7;  ( )rlando,  Florida, 
9;  Tari)on  Si)rings,  Florida,  1. 

Natrix  fasciata. 

SOl'THERN  WATER  .SNAKE. 

Received  from  Ikvy  St.  Louis,  ^Mississippi ;  ]Mimsville,  (ieorgia;  Rice- 
l)oro,  (ieorgia;  and  Orlando,  Florida. 

Natrix  compressicauda. 

FLAT-TAILED  WATER  SNAKE. 
From  St.  Petersburg  and  Key  West,  Florida. 

Seminatrix  pygsea. 

IJLAC'K  SWAMP  SNAKE. 

Orlando,  Florida,  November  2:5,  1902;  Tarpon  Springs,  I'lorida,  Feb- 
ruary lo,  iS97;  (ireen  Cove  Springs,  Florida,  ^lay  1(1  and  June  2:!,  1898; 
(')  specimens  in  all. 


Brtmley — Reptiles  and  Batrachians  of  Southend  United  States.     15 

Storeria  dekayi. 

DEKAY'S  SNAKE. 

Green  Cove  Springs  ivnd  Orlando,  Florida;  F.ay  St.  Louis,  ^lississippi. 

Virginia  valeriae. 

VALERIAS  SNAKE. 

Mimsville,  Georgia,  April,  May,  1903,  5. 

Virginia  elegans. 

ELEGANT  SNAKE. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  10  specimens  in  ISilS  and  lS<t!t. 

Haldea  striatula. 

BROWN  SNAKE. 

Bay  St.  Lonis,  Mississippi,  a  dozen  specimens  lSi)7  to  li»01. 

Liodytes  alleni. 

ALLEN'S  SNAKE. 

tireen  Cove  Springs  and  Orlando,  Florida. 

Eutaenia  sirtalis. 

(iAKTER  SNAKE. 

Mimsville  and  Rieeboro,  Georgia;  Tarpon  Sj)rings,  Florida.  TJie  form 
ordinatus  is  quite  common  at  Mimsville,  and  I  have  had  one  also  from 
Rieeboro. 

Eutaenia  sackeni. 

FLOJUDA  RIBBON  SNAKE. 

Bay  St.  Lonis,  ^Mississippi,  5  specimens.  Also  from  Green  Cove  Si)ringp, 
Orlando  and  Belleair,  Florida. 

Tantilla  coronata. 

CUOWNEl)  TANTILLA. 

r>ay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  common.  Also  from  Taijion  Springs,  Flor- 
ida, 4;  and  Orlando,  Florida,  1. 

Elaps  fulvius. 

CORAL  ADDER. 

]\Iimsville,  Georgia;  Rieeboro,  Georgia;  connnon  at  l)oth  j)laees.  Also 
from  Orlando  and  Green  Cove  Springs,  Florida. 

Ancistrodon   piscivorus. 

COTTON  MOUTH. 

Bay  St.  Lonis,  Mississippi;  Belleair  and  Orlando,  Florida;  Mimsville 
and  liiceboro,  Georgia. 

Ancistrodon  contortrix. 

COPPERHEAD. 

Rieeboro,  Georgia,  commcju;  not  received  from  any  other  locality. 


IG     Brlinley — Itcptilcs  avd  Batracln'dih't  of  SontJieast  United  States. 

Sistrurus  miliarius. 

GROUND  U.Vl'TLESNAKE. 

Bay  St.  [-Duis,  ^rissis8ii)pi;  ]Mimsville,  Georgia;  Orlaiiilo,  P.cUeair  and 
Green  Cove  Sjtrintfs,  Morida. 

Crotalus  adamanteus. 

1IIAM( )XI)  RATTLESNAKE. 

^linisville,  (ieorgia,  1,  June  24,  1907;  in  Florida,  I'rdin  ()rlandi)  and 
-Miami. 

Testudo  polyphemus. 

GOI'HER  TORTOT.SE. 
]\rinisville,  Cieorgia;  Belleair  and  ((rlando,  b^lorida. 
Malaclemmys  macrospilota. 

FLORIDA  DL\M()XD15A(K. 
Belleair  and  St.  Petersburg,  Florida';  ai)])arently  eonnuon. 

Qraptemys    pulchra. 

BAUR'S  TERRAI'IN. 

MiuLSville,  Georgia,  1,  Novend)er  I'O,  1901. 

Deirochelys  reticulata. 

CHICKEN'  TERIiAI'IX. 

Minisville,  (ieorgia,  aliundant.  Also  from  (ireen  Cow  Springs,  Hast- 
ings, Orlando,  St.  I'etershurg  and  Belleair,  in  Flori<la. 

Chrysemys  rubriventris. 

RED-BELLTED  TERRAPIN. 
Orlando,  Florida,   i,  :\Iarch  V.],  li»02. 

Chrysemys  mobiliensis. 

MOP.ILE  TERRAI'IN. 

This  is  Baur's  mohiliensis,  but  I  can  not  distinguish  the  few  Mimsville, 
(ieorgia,  specimens  I  have  received,  from  Baleigh,  North  Carolina,  siK'ci- 
mens  of  C  covcinnn. 

Chrysemys  floridanus. 

l'"I,oi;ll)A  TERRAI'IN. 
-MimsvilK',  ( ieorgia,  common.    Also  from  ( )rlando  and  Uelieair,  Florida. 

Chrysemys  scripta. 

YELI.OW-I'.ELLIED  TEURAPIN. 

]\Iimsville,  (ieorgia,  abundant;  none  from  Florida.  Though  there  is 
great  variation  in  this  respect,  the  markings  on  the  ])lastron  are  a])t  to 
l)e  larger  and  present  on  more  plates  in  (ieorgia  specimens  than  in 
Italeigh,  North  Carolina,  ones.  Although  the  black  si)ots  on  tlie  two 
gular  ])lates  are  almost  always  jiresent,  yet  in  two  Bak'igii  specimens  I 
had  in    I'.MJit  there  were  no  sjjots  on  eitiier  bridge  or  i)lastron,  and  from 


Brimley — Reptiles  and  Batrachians  of  Southeast  United  States.     17 

this  condition  there  is  every  gradation  until  at  hist  in  some  Minisville 
specimens  tliere  are  elongate  black  spots  on  every  plate  of  the  plastron 
and  of  the  bridge.  The  upright  yellow  l)ar  behind  tlie  eye  is  the  most 
positive  color  mark  of  this  species,  but  is  sometimes  very  ol)SCure  in  old 
specimens. 

Chrysemys  troosti. 

TROOST'S  TERRAPIN. 

Three  specimens  from  Mimsville,  Georgia,  received  July  1,  1907,  2;  June 
18,  1909,  1.  All  the  species  of  Chrysemys  and  Di'lroclit'li/s  are  commonly 
known  as  cooters  in  Florida  and  Georgia. 

Chelopus  guttatus. 

SPECKLED  TERK.\PIX. 

TJiceltoro,  (Jeorgia,  1,  received  May  5,  1902. 

Terrapene  major. 

LAU(iE  P.OX  TIUTLE. 

Tallahassee,  Florida,  2;    Riceboro,  Georgia,  1. 

Terrapene  bauri. 

BAUR'S  BOX  TURTLE. 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Mississippi,  1;  Mimsville,  Georgia,  1;  also  numerous 
exami)les  from  Florida  (Green  Cove  Springs,  ?Iastings,  Orlando,  St. 
Petersburg  and  Belleair).  I  think  this  is  identical  with  major,  particu- 
larly as  there  is  no  constancy  in  the  luimber  of  i-laws  on  the  hind  feet, 
they  being  as  often  4-4,  as  3-3,  and  not  infrequently  4-.'>. 

Terrapene  triunguis. 

THREE-CLAWED  BOX  TURTLE. 

Mimsville,  Georgia,  abundant.  Also  from  Riceboro,  tJeorgia,  and  Bay 
St.  Louis,  INIississippi.  Apparently  only  a  subspecies  of  Carolina,  in 
whicli  connection  it  may  be  stated  that  at  Raleigh,  Xorth  Carolina,  tliri'c- 
dawed  examples  of  Carolina  occasionally  occur. 

Cinosternum  bauri. 

BAUR'S  MUD  TURTLE. 

Common  in  Florida;  have  received  specimens  from  ( Jreen  Cove  Si>rings, 
Hastings,  Grlando,  St.  Petersburg  and  Fort  ]\Ieade. 

Cinosternum  louisianse. 

LOUISL\XA  MUD  TURTLE. 

^Mimsville,  Georgia,  2  specimens.  This  appears  to  be  a  southern  form 
of  C.  poinsylvanicnm,  possibly  on  the  verge  of  becoming  a  species.  At 
]\Iimsville,  pennsylranicum  is  the  common  form.  At  Colmesneil,  in 
eastern  Texas,  the  mud  turtles  appear  to  be  intermediate,  some  being 
nearest  pennsylvanicum  and  some  nearest  louisianiv.  At  A\'aco,  Texas, 
nearly  all  are  loiiisiaiur,  while  at  Austin,  Texas, y/u(7'.sfv'//.s'  is  the  common 
specie.-*,  with  an  occasional  louisiaviv. 


1<S     Brimleif — Reptiles  and  Batrachians  of  Southeast  United  States. 
Cinosternum  pennsylvanicum. 

COMMON  MUD  TURTLE. 

.Miinsvillc,  (Jeorgia;  Eiceboro,  (Jeorgia.  Some  speciniciii^  irceiv('(l  from 
liuy  St.  Jjonis,  Mississippi,  in  1S07  and  1900  are  also  referred  liere  astliey 
were  eertainly  not  louialamr,  and  pr()l)ably  not  stelndachneri. 

Cinosternum  steindachneri. 

STEIXD.VCIIXER'.S  MUD  TURTLE. 

Tfastings,  Orlando  and  St.  Petersburg,  Florida,  common.  In  tbe  size 
of  tlie  plastron  is  intermediate  between  the  preceding  and  the  next. 

Aromochelys  tristycha. 

SOUTHERN  MUSK  TURTLE. 

Orlando,  Florida,  connnon.  Am  very  donbtful  as  to  this  being  in  any 
way  ditl'crcnt  from  odorafiDii. 

Aromochelys  carinatus. 

KEELED  MUSK  TlltTLE. 

;\Iimsvill(',  (icorgia;  (piite  a  nnnd)er  received  from  this  locality  in  1000 
and  1002. 

Chelydra  serpentina. 

SNAPPING  TURTLE. 

Minisville,  (ieorgia;  a  few  small  specimens. 

Thalassochelys  caretta. 

LOGGERHEAD  SEA  TURTLE. 

Twenty-five  newly  hatclied  young  received  from  llelleair,  Fhjrida,  Octo- 
ber, 1S97. 

Trionyx  ferox. 

SOUTHERN  .SOFTSHELL  TURTLE. 

Mimsville,  (ieorgia;  Orlando,  Bclleair,  (Jreen  Cove  Springs  and  St. 
Petersburg,  Florida. 

Alligator  mississippiensis. 

ALLRi.U'OR. 

Young  speciniens  received  from  Ivicelmro,  (ieorgia;  PaySt.  bonis,  Mis- 
sissipjii;   ()rIandoaiid  llcllcair,  l""lorida. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  19-22  March  23,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

(IF   TIIIC 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


BRIEF  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  \\^\TERRATS  OF  EUROPE. 

BY  GERRIT  S.  MILLER,  JR. 


The  following  brief  synopsis  of  the  European  members  of  the 
genus  Arvicola  is  primarily  based  on  studies  made  in  tlic  British 
jNIuseum  during  the  summer  of  1908. 

(tknus  ARVTCOLA  Lacei)i".le. 
Arvicola  amphibius  (Liniumis). 

Rize  large  (head  and  body  about  200  mm.,  tail  about  110  imn.,  hind 
foot  usually  .10  to  ;U  mm.,  coudylobasal  length  of  fully  adult  skulls  40  to 
44.(1  mm.);  tail  somewhat  more  than  half  as  long  as  head  and  l)ody; 
color  a])ove  dark  brown,  blackening  along  back,  the  sides  not  decidedly 
yellowish,  the  cheeks  not  contrasted  with  surrounding  parts;  skull  not 
fossorial  in  form,  the  occiput  and  rostrum  tending  to  be  squarely  (verti- 
cally) truncate,  the  upj^er  incisors  not  conspicuously  projecting;  nasals 
at  widest  region  conspicuously  narrower  than  rostrum ;  roots  of  m  j  and 
m  2  forming  evident  protuberances  on  lower  surface  of  numdible  in  old 
individuals;  habits  strictly  a(iuatic,  never  mole-like.  Confined  to  (Ireat 
Britain. 

Arvicola  amphibius  amphibius  (Linnfeus). 

175S.    [Mus]  amphibius  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  I,  10th  ed.,  p.  (H  (England: 
base<l  on  the  3Itts  major  aquaticus  of  Ray). 

Size  maximum  for  the  species  (hind  foot  in  adults  usually  o2  to  o5  mm. ; 
coudylobasal  length  of  skull  42  mm.  or  more) ;  color  moderately  dark,  the 
black  rarely  in  exce.ss  of  brown  on  ui)per])arts ;  melanism  iufrecpient. 
England  and  southern  Scotland. 

Arvicola  amphibius  reta  nom.  nov. 

18o2.     Arvicola  ater  Macgillivray,  Mem.  Wernerian  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  VI, 
p.  420.     ( Aljerdeen,  Scotland).     Not  IJi/pud;riis  terrestri.t  jS  aler  Bill- 
berg,  1827,  a  synonym  of  Arricola  terrestris. 
Size  less  than  in  A.  arnpliibius  a)iiphibii(f<  (hind  foot  usually  .">(i  to  .■i2 

nun.,  condylol)asal  length  of  skull  usually  less  tlian   42  mm.);    normal 

■'i— I'liuc.  liioi..  Soc.  Wash.,  XXIH,  I'.ilo.  (TJ) 


20  Miller — Brief  Synopsis  of  the  Waterrats  of  Europe. 

color  darker  than  in  the  typical  race,  the  black  usually  in  excess  onupiter- 
parts;  melanism  frequent.     Central  and  northern  Scotland. 

Arvicola  sapidus  ]Miller. 

^AkeArvicolaamphihius  but  nasal  bones  much  widened  anteriorly,  their 
jrreatestcomljined  breadth  nearly  equal  to  that  of  rostrum  ;  habits  aquatic. 
Iberian  Peninsula  and  southern  France,  east  nearly  to  the  Italian  Imrder; 
northern  limits  of  ran^e  not  known. 

Arvicola  sapidus  sapidus  ]Miller. 

lt*U8.     Arvicola  sapidus  Miller,  Ann.  and  "Slag.  Nat.  Hist.,  Sth  ser. ,T,  j). 
lO-l.    Fel)ruary,  1908.    (Santo  Domingo  de  Silos,  Burgos,  Spain). 

Color  not  so  dark  as  in  A.  nnijihibius  amphibius,  the  sides  and  face  a 
clear  yellowish  brown  without  noticeable  sprinkling  of  blackish  hairs. 
Essentially  the  entire  Iberian  Peninsula ;  lowlands  of  southern  France  east 
of  the  Pyrenees.     French  specimens  not  perfectly  typical. 

Arvicola  sapidus  tenebricus  (Miller). 

19US.     Arvicola  teiiehricvH  Miller,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  Sth  ser.,  I, 
p.  19().    Fel)ruary,  1908  (Biarritz,  Basses-Pyrenees,  France). 

Color  essentially  as  in  .1.  ainpJiibius  arnplribins,  the  .sides  and  face  con- 
spicuously sprinkled  with  blackish  hairs.  Pyrenees  and  Atlantic  coast  of 
.southwestern  France,  north  to  the  Garonne;  northern  limits  of  range  not 
known. 

Arvicola  terrestris  (Linnteus). 

17.")8.      [Mus]   (erreslris  Linna'us,  8yst.  Nat.,  I,  10th  ed.,  p.  (11    (Upsala, 
Sweden). 

Size  less  than  in  A.  ampJnbius  (head  and  body  about  17-5  mm.,  tail  about 
100  mm.,  liind  foot  usually  28  to  ol  mm.,  coudylobasal  length  of  adult 
skulls  '.M>  to  ;!9  mm. ) ;  color  dark,  essentially  as  in  A.  amphibius  reta,  but 
cheeks  usually  more  yellowish  than  surrounding  parts;  skull  slightly  but 
eviilently  fossorial  in  form,  the  rostrum  and  occiput  tending  to  l)eobli(|uely 
truncate,  tlie  up|H!r  incisors  projecting  noticeably  forward ;  interparietal 
tending  to  be  sulxpiadrate  in  outline;  teeth  rather  heavy,  but  roots  of 
m  1  and  m  ^  not  forming  protuberances  on  lower  surface  of  mandible; 
hal)its  both  aquatic  and  mole-like.  Scandinavian  Peninsula,  eastward 
into  Russia;  limits  of  range  not  known. 

Arvicola  italicus  (Savi). 

18:)9.     Arvicola   amphibius   var.    ifalica  Savi,    N.  Giorn.  de'    Letterati, 
XXXVII,  No.  102,  p.  202  (p.  o  of  separate),  February,  1839  (Pisa, 
Italy). 
Similar  to  Arvicola  tvrrestris,  but  teeth  not  .so  heavy  and  color  not  so 
dark,  the  underparts  washed  with  yellowish  brown  instead  of  rusty;  the 
cheeks  not  contrasting  noticeal)ly  with  surrounding  parts.     Italian  Swit- 
zerland ami  uortlieru  Italy,  south  at  least  to  the  vicinity  of  Pisa. 


Miller — Brief  Si/nopsis  of  the  Wdterrafs  of  Europe.  21 

Arvicola  illyricus  (Barrett-Hamilton). 

1S99.     Microtns  muslgnairi  illyricus  Barrett-Hamilton,   Ann.  and   ^Fag. 

Nat.  Hist.,  7th   ser.,  Ill,    p.  225.  March,    ISll!)    (Bosnia,   no   exact 

locality ) . 
Like  Arvicola   italicus   bnt  underparts  with  a  decided  whitish  wash. 
Bosnia. 

Arvicola  musignani  de  Selys-Longchamps. 

1839.     Arvicola  musignani  deSelys-Longchamps,  Kevne  Zoologique,  p.  S, 
January,  ISoO.     (Rome,  Italy). 

Size  and  general  characters  as  in  Arricola  ilalicus,  bnt  coior  jialc  and 
yellowish,  like  that  of  A.  sapidus  sajyidus.  Central  Italy,  at  jtresent 
known  from  the  west  coast  oidy. 

Arvicola  scherman  (Shaw). 

Essentially  as  in  Arvicola  ierrestris  but  more  modified  for  fossorial  life. 
some  of  the  races  having  become  completely  terrestrial ;  palmar  and  plantar 
tubercles  reduced,  occupying  less  than  lialf  surface  of  region  in  which  they 
occur;  skull  distinctly  fossorial  in  form,  the  incisors  strongly  protru<ling; 
interparietal  tending  to  be  narrow  and  ligulate  in  outline.  ^Vest-central 
continental  Europe  from  the  I'yrenees  and  Alps  to  the  Baltic;  eastern 
limits  of  range  not  known. 

Arvicola  scherman  scherman  (Siiaw). 

1801.     Mas  scherman  Shaw,  Gen.  Zool.,  II,  pt.  I,  p.  7')  (Strassburg,  Cier- 
many). 

Balniar  and  i)lantar  tubercles  relatively  smaller  than  in  Arricola  (er- 
restris,  though  not  so  much  reduced  as  in  the  strictly  terrestrial  forms; 
length  of  hind  foot  about  2(^5  mm.;  condylobasal  length  of  fully  atlult 
skulls  'MiA'i  to  ;>('). 4  mm.  ;  color  of  uppt-rparts  dark  brown  usually  much 
clouded  with  black;  tail  usually  dark  brown  throughout;  habits  both 
aquatic  and  mole-like.  Continental  Europe  from  the  Baltic  south  into 
Belgium  and  to  southern  Germany;  limits  of  range  imperfectly  known. 

Arvicola  scherman  exitus  subsp.  nov. 

Tyi)e,  adult  female  (skin  and  skull)  in  British  ]Mu.<eum  (not  registered), 
St.  Gallen,  Switzerland,  April  28,  1900.     E.  Zollikofer. 

Palmar  and  plantar  tubercles  nmch  reduced,  occupying  distinctly  less 
than  half  area  in  which  they  occur;  length  of  hind  foot  22  to  25  mm. ; 
condyloba.sal  length  of  fully  adult  skulls  .'!:!  to  '.V->  mm. ;  color  of  upper- 
parts  a  light  yellowish  brown  usually  without  nuich  black  clouding;  tail 
butty  throughout  or  evidently  bicolor  (never  uniformly  blackish);  audital 
liulJienot  highly  inflated,  their  surface  often  irregularly  flattened;  anterior 
loop  of  m  J  short  and  wide;  habits  strictly  terrestrial,  mole-like.  Alps 
(not  known  from  the  Italian  side )  at  moderate  altitude-,  and  innnediately 


22  Miller — Brief  Si/noi^sis  of  the  Waterrats  <f  Europe. 

adjiiining  lowlands  of  Switzerland  and  France;  eastward  intoTiml ;  limits 
of  nuiire  not  known.  ]Measnrenionts  of  tj^pe:  head  and  body,  l:!S;  tail, 
(14;  hind  foot,  1*4;  ear,  13;  skidl:  condylobasal  length,  iJoS. 

Arvicola  scherman  monticola  (de  Selys-Longchanips). 

1S38.     Arvicola  monticola  de  Selys-Longchamps,  Revue   Zoologiqne,    j). 
240  ( Pyrenees). 

Like  Arvicola  scherman  exitus  but  audital  bullte  usually  larger  and  more 
evenly  inflated,  and  Hrst  lower  molar  with  anterior  loop  longer  and  nar- 
rower than  in  the  Alpine  form;  habits  strictly  terrestrial,  mole-like. 
Pyrenees  and  their  immediate  neighborhood  (known  at  present  from  the 
French  side  only) ;  a  related  and  perhaps  identical  animal  occurs  in  the 
Puy-de-D6me  region. 


Vol.  XXII,  pp.  23-34  March  23,  191  0 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


NOTES  ON   MAMMALS  OF   THE    MIDDLE    MISSISSIPPI 
VALLEY,  WITH    DESCPJPTION    OF  [ 

A  NEW  WOODRAT.  V^ 

BY  ARTHUR  H.  HOWELL. 


The  field  work  of  the  Biological  Survey  in  IDOl)  included  a 
i^urvey  of  southeastern  Missouri,  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana, 
and  parts  of  Kentucky.  This  trip,  accomplished  between  April 
20  and  July  15,  resulted  in  the  accumulation  of  much  new 
information  on  the  distribution  of  the  mammals  of  the  region, 
and  since  very  little  has  been  published  concerning  the  mam- 
mals of  any  of  the  States  visited,  excepting  Indiana,*  it  is  con- 
sidered desirable  to  place  on  record  the  more  important  results 
of  the  season's  work. 

Missouri  was  the  first  State  visited,  and  after  a  few  days  spent 
near  St.  Louis — at  Horseshoe  Lake,  St.  Charles  County  (April 
21,  22) — I  proceeded  to  the  interesting  "sunken  lands"  of 
southeastern  Missouri.  Collections  were  made  principally  on 
the  St.  Francis  River,  west  of  Senath  (April  25-30)  and  at 
Kennett  (May  1,  2),  Portageville  (May  3,  4),  and  Cushion  Lake 
(May  5-7).  Short  stops  at  Marble  Hill  (May  8-10)  and  at 
Cape  Girardeau  (May  11,  12)  resulted  in  determining  the  upper 
limits  of  Lower  Austral  Zone  in  the  State. 

After  crossing  the  Mississippi  at  Cape  Girardeau,  investiga- 
tions were  continued  in  Illinois  at  the  following  localities  : 
McClure  (May  13),  Olive  Branch  (May  14-21),  Cobden  and 
Lick  Creek  (May  22),  ^Volf  Lake  (May  23-25),  Riehl  Station, 
near  Alton  (May  29,  30),  Odin  (June  4,  5),  Olney  (June  6-9), 
Kansas  (June  10,    11),  St.  Francisville  (June  12),  Shawnee- 

*  See  a  valuable  contribution  by  W.  L.  Hahn,  on  "The  Mammals  of  Indiana," 
<  33cl  Ann.  Rep.  Dcpt.  Geol.  ct  Nat.  Resources  of  In<liana,  I'.iO'.t,  pp.  -in-dOa. 

G— Pkoc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (23) 


24         Hovrll — Mainmah  nf  the  Middle  Mississippi  VaUc]i. 

town  (June   17,  18),  Golconda  (June  19-21),  and  Reevesville 
(June  22). 

In  Indiana  short  stops  were  made  at  Cypress,  Knox  County 
(June  12),  New  Harmony  (June  lo-lo),  and  Mt.  Vernon 
(June  1(0. 

In  Kentucky  collections  were  made  at  the  following  localities: 
Rockport  (June  23,  24),  Hawesville  (June  25-28),  INIammoth 
Cave  (June  29-July  5),  Midway  (July  6-11),  and  Jackson 
(July  12-14). 

The  region  visited  during  this  trip  forms  the  meeting  place 
for  Upper-and-Lower  Austral  Zones,  and  an  effort  was  made  to 
determine  with  some  exactness  the  boundary  between  them. 
Lower  Austral  occupies  the  "  sunken  lands  "  and  swampy  river 
bottoms  of  southeastern  ^Missouri  and  western  Kentucky,  extend- 
ing north  in  Missouri  as  far  as  Whitewater  and  Cape  Girardeau. 
A  line  drawn  diagonally  across  the  State  through  Poplar  Bluff 
and  Cape  Girardeau  will  mark  quite  accurately  the  upper  limit 
of  Lower  Austral  in  Missouri.  In  Illinois  this  zone  covers  the 
whole  of  the  southern  portion  of  the  State  from  East  Cape 
Girardeau  to  Golconda,  with  a  narrow^  tongue  along  the  Missis- 
sippi as  far  north  as  Grand  Tower.  In  Kentucky  the  eastern 
limits  of  Lower  Austral  were  not  definitely  determined,  but  it 
doubtless  includes  the  greater  part  of  the  counties  bordering  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  extends  in  a  narrow  belt  along  the  Ohio 
as  far  as  Berry  Ferry  (opposite  Golconda,  Illinois).  All  the 
rest  of  Kentucky  is  in  Upper  Austral  Zone,  excepting  a  few 
isolated  mountain  summits  in  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the 
State,  where  small  areas  of  Transition  appear. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  most  characteristic  Lower  Austral 
species  occurring  in  southern  Illinois: 

MAMMALS    OF    LOWER    AUSTRAL    ZONE. 

Peromyscus  r/ossj/pinus  S.i/lcilagus  aqaaticus 

Oryzomjfs  palv.stris  Blarina  hrevicauda  carolinensis 

Nyct  iceius  humeral  is . 

BIRDS   OF   LOWER   AUSTRAL   ZONE. 

CfUharista  uruhu  Helinaia  swainsoni 

Antrostomus  carolinensis  Protonoteiria  citrea 

Peucasa  aestivalis  bachmani 


Howell — Mammals  of  the  Middle  Mississi^ypi  Valley.         25 

PLANTS    OF    LOWER    AUSTRAL    ZONE.* 

Taxodium  distirhmn  Ulmns  alnta 

Ni/ssa  aquatira.  Celtls  mJssissippiensis 

Querrui^  lyrata  Gleditsia  aquatica 

Arundinaria  tectu 

LIST  OF  :ma:\i:mals. 

Sciurus  niger  rufiventer  (ieoffroy. 

FOX  SQUIRREL. 

Fox  .squirrel.'^  are  fairly  common  locally  over  the  whole  of  the  region 
traversed. 

Records  were  secured  of  their  occurrence  at  the  followino;  localities: 

Missotiri:  Horseshoe  Lake,  St.  Charles  County;    Marble  Hill;  Cushion 

Lake  (4  specimens). 
Illinois:  Wolf  Lake;  Olive  Branch ;  Kansas;  Cxolconda. 
Indiana:  New  Harmony  (1  specimen). 
Kentncky :  Hawesville;  Mammoth  Cave;  Midway;  Jackson. 

Tamias  striatus  (Linnaeus). 

CAROLINIAN  CHIPMUNK. 

Occurs  in  moderate  mnnhers  nearly  everywhere  excepting  in  the  big 
swamps. 

They  were  reported  to  me  at  the  following  localities: 

Missouri :  INTarble  Hill. 

Illinois  :  Olive  Branch ;  Wolf  Lake  ( 1  specimen  ) ;  A\'oodlawn ;  Olney. 

Indiana  :  New  Harmony. 

Ke)iliiek}i :  Kockport;  Mammotli  Cave  ( L' specimens ) ;  Midway;  Jackson. 

Marmota  monax  (Linn;eus). 

WOODCHICK;    (JROUND  HOG. 

The  woodchnck  occurs  in  the  hilly  portions  of  tlie  Mississippi  Valley 
States  as  far  south  at  least  as  southern  Illinois,  southern  Missouri,  and 
western  Kentucky. 

Records  were  secured  of  their  occurrence  in  the  following  localities  : 
Missouri :  Meramec  Highlands  ( 1")  miles  soutliwest  of  St.  Louis) ;  ]Marble 

Hill. 

Illinois  :  Shelbyville  (sjiecinicn  from  there  seen  in  a  St.  Louis  taxidermist 
shop);  Riehl  Station,  near  A  Iti  in;  Woodlawn;  Golconda;  Olive  Branch. 

Indiana  :  New  Harmony. 

Kentuclqi  :  Mammoth  Cave  ( 1  specimen);  Berry  Ferry;  ^lidway;  Jack- 
son. 


*  In  this  fonnootion,  see  paper.-*  by  Robort  Ridgway  on  the  native  trees  of  the  lower 
Wahasli  Valley,  in  Proc.  U.  S.  N.  M.,  V.  pp.  Jii-SS,  1SS2,  un<l  XVII,  pp.  tOtWUl,  l.SiM. 


26         Howell — Mammals  of  the  Middle  Mississippi  Valley. 
Citellus  tridecemlineatus  (]Mitcliill). 

STRIPED  SPKIIMOI'IIILE:  OROrND  SQl'IKKEL. 

This  small  <:ruuu(l  siniirrclis  a  iirairicdwcllcr,  ami  is  (listribnted  locally 
over  the  northern  parts  of  lllin(]is  ami  Indiana,  llahn  records  it  from 
various  places  in  northern  In(hana  as  far  sonth  as  Terre  Ilante.*  Its 
sonthern  limit  in  Illinois  was  found  to  be  close  to  the  town  of  Kansas, 
where  a  small  colony  was  located  in  a  cemetery.  Inquiries  for  the  animal 
at  Casey  and  Greenup,  a  little  fartlier  south,  indicated  that  it  does  not 
occur  there. 

Specimens  liave  been  idt'ntilled  in  tlie  Biological  Survey  from  the  fol- 
lowing localities: 
Illinois :  IVw'kory,    Lake    County;    Sunbeam,    ^ifercer   County;     Saxon, 

Henry  County ;  Kishwaukee;  Kansas;  Argenta;  AVarsaw  ( specimen  in 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.). 

Peromyscus  gossypinus  megacephalus  (Rhoads). 

WESTERN  COTTON  MOUSE. 

This  species  is  common  in  the  swamjis  of  the  Lower  Austral  Zone  and  is 
frequently  taken,  also,  in  wooded  blntis  in  tlie  same  /.one.  It  ranges  nortli 
to  southern  Illinois  and  southeastern  ^Missouri. 

S})eciniens  were  collected  at  the  following  localities: 
Missouri :  St.  Francis  River  (westof  Senath),  S;  Portageville,  1;  Cushion 

Lake,  1 . 
Illinois  :  Olive  Rranch,  2;   Wolf  Lake,  1  ;  (Jolconda,  3. 

Peromyscus  maniculatus  bairdi  (Hoy  tV:  Kennicott). 

PRAIRIE  WHITE-FOOTED  MOUSE. 

Although  mainly  confined  to  prairie  regions,  this  s]iecie.shas  been  taken 
occasionally  in  l)ottomland  timber.  Its  range  extends  south  to  extreme 
southern  Illinois. 

Specimens  were  taken  at  the  following  localities: 

Missouri:  Horseshoe  Lake,  St.  Cliarles  County,   1. 

Illinois:  Riehl    Station,    near   Alton,    1;    Kansas,    :! ;    ( )live  Rranch,  1  ; 
McClure,  1. 

Oryzomys  palustris   (Harlan)- 
RICE  i;at. 

This  species  is  found  throughout  the  Austrorii)arian  Fauna  and  its  range 
extends  also  well  into  the  Carolinian  along  streams. 

It  was  taken  for  the  first  time  in  Missouri  and  Illinois  and  may  l)e 
looked  for  as  well  in  southern  Indiana  and  Ohio. 

Specimens  were  collected  at  the  following  localities: 
Missouri:  Kennett,  2;  Portageville,  1;   .Ahirbk- Hill,  1. 
Illinois:  Olive  I'.ranch,  4. 


*Tliirl.v-thinl  Ann.  R(>i'.  Dept.  Cieol.  of  Imliana,  ]i\>-  I75-17S,  T.iOi). 


Hou-fU — Mainnial-i  of  the  Middle  Mississippi  Vallaj.         2 


^4 


Neotoma  pennsylvanica  Stone. 

ALLKOUKXY  CAVE  RAT. 

Tlii.s  .species  may  l)e  found  in  suitable  situations  througliout  the  eastern 
part  of  Kentucky  at  least  as  far  west  as  ]Mammotli  Cave,  and  as  far  north 
as  the  Ohio  River.  It  prol)al)ly  occurs,  also,  in  the  cliflTs  on  the  Indiana 
side  of  the  river.  • 

At  jNIammoth  Cave  they  are  numerous,  both  in  the  main  cave  and  in  a 
small  cave  known  as  the  White  Cave,  but  I  found  no  signs  of  their  pres- 
ence aljout  the  cliffs  and  large  rocks  on  the  Green  River  hillside  at  this 
place.  In  the  ]Mammoth  Cave  they  are  found  as  far  l)ack  as  one  can 
penetrate.  Two  specimens  were  trapped  at  a  point  aljout  2}4.  miles  from 
the  entrance,  and  others  at  the  mouth  of  the  cave.  The  rats  enter  the 
cave  through  the  main  entrance  (which  is  the'only  known  entrance)  and 
possibly  also  through  small  crevices  leading  down  from  thecliflls  or  small 
caves  on  the  Green  River  hillside.  At  various  points  in  the  cave  their 
tracks  are  very  abundant  in  the  sand  on  the  floor  and  there  are  numerous 
hard-i>acked  trails  running  close  to  the  walls  and  into  side  crevices.  The 
great  numljer  of  tracks  doubtless  gives  an  exaggerated  idea  of  the  al)und- 
ance  of  the  rats,  for  since  there  is  nothing  except  human  footsteps  to 
obliterate  the  tracks,  they  may  remain  intact  for  a  long  period.  Several 
large  piles  of  rat  excrement  were  noticed,  ])nt  comparatively  little  rubbish 
had  been  brouglit  in  by  the  animals.  Quite  a  few  nut  shells  (hickory, 
acorns,  and  hazel  nuts)  were  seen,  but  no  green  vegetation  and  no  piles 
of  sticks. 

The  guides  frequently  see  the  rats  wliile  in  the  cave,  and  as  they  are 
never  distnrVjed  they  are  very  gentle  and  unsuspicious.  They  occasionally 
come  about  the  tables  in  the  dining  hall  in  the  cave  and  instances  are 
reported  of  their  having  come  regularly  to  be  fed  by  the  guides.  The 
former  manager  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  estate  once  had  a  cave  rat  in  cap- 
tivity, and  he  discovered  accidentally  that  not  only  could  he  handle  it 
with  impunity,  but  it  actually  enjoyed  being  stroked  and  seemed  to  become 
drowsy  under  the  operation.  This  rat  always  chose  vegetable  food  in 
place  of  meat  when  both  were  offered  it. 

In  the  White  Cave,  which  is  oidy  al)out  200  yards  long,  and  near  the 
surface,  I  found  the  rats  numerous  and  was  able  to  ol)serve  their  ])eculiar 
mode  of  living.  In  this  cave  they  make  small  nests  or  "  forms  "  of  finely 
shredded  cedar  bark,  just  about  the  size  and  shajje  of  a  meadow  lark's 
nest,  though  not  arched  over  at  all.  These  resemble  closely  the  "  forms  " 
of  the  cottontail  rabbit.  I  found  five  or  six  of  these  nests  placed  on  the 
floor  of  tlie  cave,  close  to. the  wall,  and  on  a  narrow  ledge  of  rock  near 
the  ceiling.  Some  of  them  were  occupied  by  the  rats  at  the  time,  and 
several  specimens  were  secured  here.  The  only  other  material  brought 
into  this  cave  by  the  rats  are  small  tips  of  cedar  l^ranches ;  these  are  strewn 
quite  thickly  around  their  nests  and  one  large  rock  was  completely  covered 
with  them.  A  few  old  nut  shells  were  found  also,  but  no  leaves  or 
branches  of  any  tree  but  cedar  {Juniper us  virglniana).  The  cedar  may 
have  been  brouaht  in  to  be  used  as  food,  but  none  of  it  was  found  in  the 


28         Howell — Mammals  of  t\c  Middle  Mississippi  Valley. 

stomachs  of  the  rats  taken  here  which  have  been  examined.  They  were 
found  to  l)e  tilled  with  a  finely  chewed  mass  of  fresh  green  vegetation,  not 
identifiable,  but  certainly  not  cedar.  The  stomachs  of  the  two  individuals 
taken  2)4  miles  back  in  IMammoth  Cave  contained  fragments  of  apple, 
leaves,  sorghum  seeds  and  onion,  a  few  small  beetle  larvfo,  fly  larvje  and 
bits  of  beetle. 

At  Hawesville,  Kentucky,  I  found  this  species  fairly  numerous  al)0ut 
the  wooded  clifis  along  the  river,  and  here,  as  at  Mammoth  Cave,  very 
few  sticks  had  been  carried  into  the  crevices,  l)ut  freshly  cut  leaves  and 
plants  were  observed  in  several  places. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Jackson,  Kentucky,  these  rats  are  well  known  to  the 
inhabitants  and  are  apparently  common  about  rocky  ledges  all  through 
that  region.  They  often  come  down  about  farm  buildings  located  near 
the  cliffs  and  are  reported 'to  do  some  damage  in  corn  cribs.  One  speci- 
men was  trapped  along  a  clilt'  close  to  a  house  at  Lost  Creek,  Breathitt 
County. 

Neotoma  floridana  illinoensis  sul)sp.  nov. 

ILLIXOLS  WOODRAT. 

Type  from  Wolf  Lake,  Illinois.  Adult  female,  No.  1(17, 752,  U.  8.  Na- 
tional Museum,  Biological  Survey  Collection,  .January  12,  1010.  Jolui 
Johnson. 

General  characters. — Similar  in  color  to  A''.  /.  baileyi  but  with  longer 
and  darker  tail ;  skull  nearest  to  that  of  iV.  /.  rubida  but  slightly  smaller. 

Color. — ITpperparts  mixed  bufi"  and  black,  varying  in  some  specimens 
to  ochraceous  bufi';  fore  part  of  head  and  face  gray ;  tail  distinctly  bicolor, 
blackish  above,  grayish-white  below;  feet  pure  white ;  underparts grayish- 
white  with  a  tinge  of  yellow. 

Cranial  characters. — Skull  slightly  smaller  than  that  of  rubida;  zygo- 
mata more  widely  spreading  anteriorly,  their  sides  nearly  imrallel ;  palate 
more  deeply  notched  (the  interpterygoid  fossa  less  evenly  rounded); 
spheno-palatine  vacuities  reduced  to  narrow  slits. 

From  baileyi  and  atfwateri  the  present  form  differs  cranially  in  the 
same  characters  that  distinguish  it  from  rubida  and  in  addition  the  ros- 
trum and  nasals  are  longer  and  slenderer. 

Measurements. — Average  of  eight  adults  from  type  locality:  total  length, 
-JiJO  (390-4:5.3);  tail  vertebrae,  195  (187-205) ;  hind  foot,  3S  (3(i-40). 

Remarks. — Woodrats  of  this  group  have  not  previously  Ijeen  taken  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley  bottomlands  at  any  point  north  of  Louisiana.  It 
was  quite  a  surprise,  therefore,  to  lind  the  animals  in  southern  Illinois  at 
the  upper  edge  of  the  Lower  Austral  Z(~>ne.  A  few  old  signs  and  deserted 
nests  of  woodrats  were  found  in  the  heavy  timber  along  the  St.  Francis 
River,  Missouri,  but  ail  efforts  to  traj)  specimens  i)rovi'd  unsuccessful. 
The  cliffs  along  the  .Alississipj)!  River  north  of  Alton,  Illinois,  and  south 
of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  were  explored  for  signs  of  the.se  aninuils,  but  no 
in<lications  of  their  presence  were  discovered.  They  were  also  looked  for 
unsuccessfully  in  the  cliffs  at  ( Jolconda,  Illinois. 

The  animals  are  common  at  Wolf  Lake,  inhabiting  the  high  rocky  bluflls 


Hoivell — Mammals  of  the  Middle  3Iiss{ssi2)]n  Valley.         l29 

which  border  the  east  side  ot  the  lake.  They  live  in  crevices  and  caves 
into  which  they  carry  large  quantities  of  sticks,  leaves,  and  other  rubbish. 
Their  habits  in  this  locality  are  thus  like  those  of  N.  pennsylvanica  and 
unlike  those  of  rtibida  in  the  Southern  States  where  this  species  lives  in 
swamps  and  builds  its  nests  in  hollow  logs  or  trees  and  in  the  branches 
of  trees  some  distance  from  the  ground.  The  swamp  conditions  were 
present  at  this  northern  station,  l)ut  the  adjacent  clifi's  evidently  proved 
more  attractive  to  them,  as  is  usually  the  case  Avith  the  members  of  this 
genus. 

Three  adults  aiid  one  young,  all  in  worn  pelage,  were  captured  at  M'nli 
Lake  ]May  24,  25,  and  in  January,  11)10,  eight  more  adults  in  full  fresh 
pelage  were  secured  l)y  a  local  trapper. 

Microtus  pennsylvanicus   (Ord). 

KASTEUX  MEADOW  MOUSE. 

The  conmion  meadow  mouse  occupies  the  l>Iuegrass  region  of  Ken- 
tucky, l)ut  was  not  found  in  other  sections  of  the  State.  It  was  rather 
common  at  ^Midway,  where  specimens  were  taken,  and  Dr.  ]Mearns  has 
also  taken  them  at  Lexington.  Their  range  proba))ly  does  not  extend 
much  farther  south  or  west  than  this.  None  were  found  in  southern 
Illinois  or  in  the  AVa]>ash  Valley  in  Indiana.  Hahn  records  the  .'^iwcies, 
however,  from  Bloomington  and  Bascom,  Indiana.* 

Microtus  ochrogaster  (Wagner). 
i'];aii;ie  .meadow  mouse. 

This  is  the  common  meadow  mouse  of  the  upper  ^lississippi  Valley,  at 
least  as  far  south  as  southern  Illinois  and  Mi.s.souri.  Unlike  the  eastern 
species  (M.  pennsijloanictis)  they  prefer  dry  situations,  and  are  frequently 
found  in  matted  grass  along  roadsides  and  in  old  meadows.  They  have  not 
as  yet  been  taken  in  Kentucky,  but  in  a  grass  field  at  ^lauunoth  Cave  I 
found  a  few  mouse  signs  which  I  believe  were  made  by  this  species.  Hahn 
records  the  species  from  various  points  across  the  State  of  Indiana,  t  and 
Langdon  speaks  of  them  as  common  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati. t 

Specimens  were  taken  at  tlie  following  localities: 

Missouri :  Horseshoe  Lake,  (i;  INIarble  Hill,  3. 

Illinois:  Olive  Branch,  3;  AVolf  Lake,  1 ;   McClure,  1  ;   Odin,  2;   Olney,  2; 
Kansas,  2. 

Fiber  zibethicus  (Linnaeus). 

MUSKRAT. 

]\Iuskrats  are  common  on  all  the  streams  in  the  region  visited,  particu- 
larly in  the  St.  Francis  River,  ^Missouri,  and  on  Horseshoe  Lake  (  near  Olive 
Branch),  Illinois.  IMany  thousands  are  trapped  here  every  winter,  but 
at  the  time  of  my  visit  (April  and  ]May )  their  numbers  had  1:)een  greatly 
reduced  and  they  were  very  shy  and  difficult  to  secure.     A  few  breeding 

*  Mammals  of  Indiana,  33d  Ann.  Rep.  Dept.  Geol.  &  Nat.  Resources  of  Indiana,  pp. 
536,  507,  1909. 

f  Mammals  of  Incliana,  1.  c.  pp.  509,  510. 

t  Journ.  Chicinuati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Ill,  p.  307,  1880. 


30         Hoiccll — Mammalfi  of  the  Middle  Mississippi  Valley. 

(lens  ))uilt  umler  the  roots  of  large  tupelos'or  cypresses  growing  in  deep 
water,  were  examined,  but  only  one  young  muskrat  was  caught.  During 
the  winter  the  rats  l)uild  numerous  large  houses  in  the  lakes  or  marshes, 
hut  by  spring  these  dens  are  usually  all  destroyed  or  carried  away  l)y  high 
water. 

Five  specimens,  taken  in  Horseshoe  Lake,  Illinois,  in  December,  agree 
very  closely  with  September  specimens  oi  zlbethicns  from  ^Massachusetts. 

Muskrats  were  reported  to  occur  at  the  following  localities: 

Missouri :  Horseshoe  Lake,  St.  Charles  County;  St.  Francis  River;  Cush- 
ion Lake;  Marble  Hill. 

Illinois:  Olive  Brancli;  Wolf  Lake;  AVoodlawn;  Olney;  Kansas;  Shaw- 
neetown. 

Kentucky:  ^Midway;  Mammoth  Cave;  Jackson. 

Synaptomys  gossi  Merriam. 

(iOSS  LEMMING  MOUSE. 

Tills  sju'cies,  previously  known  only  from  Kansas,  was  found  in  nund)ers 
at  Horseshoe  I^ake,  St.  Charles  County,  Missouri,  April  21  and  22,  and  a 
goo<i  series  of  specimens  was  secured.  A  large  colony  had  occupied  a  low 
marshy  meadow  close  to  the  Mississippi  River.  At  the  time  of  my  visit 
tiie  water  in  the  river  was  very  high,  and  the  meadow  was  overflowed  to 
a  deptli  of  12  to  IS  inches.  The  mice  had  been  driven  from  their  burrows 
l)y  the  high  water,  and  were  hiding  as  well  as  they  could  on  tussocks  and 
under  jiatches  of  floating  debris.  "When  disturbed  they  ran  rather  slowly 
over  the  submerged  vegetation  and  swam  freely,  but  were  easily  over- 
taken. INLuiy  had  been  killed  by  dogs  or  other  predatory  animals,  and  I 
was  able  to  get  as  many  specimens  as  I  needed  by  catching  them  in  my 
hands.  The  burrows  in  this  meadow  were  on  the  little  hillocks,  the 
entrances  near  the  top.  Thus  they  are  probably  dry  except  in  times  of 
very  high  water.  The  entrances  are  perfectly  open  and  not  concealed 
under  vegetation  as  is  the  hal)it  of  S'/naptomi/s  cooper i  in  the  eastern 
States.  Well-beaten  runways  extended  out  from  tlie  burrows  and  under 
the  dead  vegetation.  A  single  specimen  taken  June  5  in  an  old  dry 
meadow  at  Odin,  Illinois,  is  provisionally  referred  to  this  form.  It  agrees 
with  (jossi  in  color,  but  its  skull  is  too  young  to  l^e  positively  identified. 

At  the  time  this  species  was  described,  only  a  few  specimens  were  in 
existence  and  no  skins  were  available.  Since  then  the  skins  collected  at 
the  tyiie  locality  by  (loss  have  come  to  light  and  the  Biological  Survey  has 
received  .si.x  specimens  from  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  collected  by  Dr. 
B.  H.  Dutcher.  In  view  of  the  scarcity  of  this  species  and  the  lack  of  any 
description  of  its  external  characters,  the  following  brief  synop.sis  has  been 
prepared : 

Specific  characters.— Size  large  and  stocky — the  largest  of  the  genus; 
skull  massive,  larger  than  that  of  JirJaletcs  (much  larger  tlian  coopcri)  but 
with  rostrum  both  actually  and  relatively  narrower;  colors  dark. 

Color. — Adults  in  full  pelage  (Kansas,  April  and  June):  rich  reddish 
brown  above,  with  an  admixture  of  black  hairs;  sides  paler;  underparts 


Howell — Mammals  of  the  Middle  Mississippi  Valley.         31 

grayish,  sometimes  with  asliojht  linfFy  or  rufous  tinge ;  feet  and  tail  clotlied 
with  grayisli  hairs.  A  sHghtly  worn  April  specimen  is  considerably  paler 
than  the  rest. 

The  series  of  V2  specimens  (mostly  adults)  from  Horseshoe.  Lake, 
Missouri  (April  21),  average  a  little  paler  and  less  reddisli  than  tyi)ical 
Kansas  specimens,  but  agree  with  them  in  size  and  cranial  characters. 

Mensurements. — Five  adults  from  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas:  total 
length,  132  (123-141) ;  tail  vertebrae,  21.4;  ( 19-24) ;  hind  foot,  20  (19-21). 
Skull  (3  adult  males):  occipito-nasal  length,  29.9;  zj'gomatic  breadth, 
17.9;  interorbital  breadth,  3.4;  breadth  of  rostrum,  5.8;  length  of  nasals, 
8.2;  maxillary  toothrow,  7.5.  Nine  adults  from  Horseshoe  Lake,  Mis- 
souri: total  length,  134(131-138);  tail  vertebrae,  20.7(20-22);  hind  font, 
19.5  (19-20).  Skull  (10  adults):  occii)ito-nasal  length,  28.(1;  zygiimatie 
breadth,  17.6;  interorbital  breadth,  3.4;  breadth  of  rostrum,  0;  length  of 
nasals,  7.6;  maxillary  toothrow,  7.8. 

Qeomys  bursarius  (Shaw). 

I'OCKET  (ioPIIKH. 

Fllbrts  were  made  to  trace  the  southern  limit  of  this  species  in  Illinois. 
It  had  been  previously  recorded  from  Belleville*  and  was  found  to  occur 
very  sparingly  at  Coulterville,  Woodlawn,  and  Odin,  and  a  few  miles 
north  of  Olney.  It  does  )iot  occur  on  the  prairie  about  Ducpioin,  so  that 
Coulterville  is  considered  to  be  about  its  si>uthern  limit  in  the  State. 

Sylvilagus  aquaticus  (F>achman). 

SWAM  I*  KAHl'.IT. 

This  rabbit  is  numerous  in  the  swampy  bottoms  of  southeastern  Missouri, 
western  Kentucky,  and  southern  Illinois.  Its  upper  limit  in  ]Mi.ssouri  is 
a  few  miles  south  of  Cape  Girardeau.  In  Illinois  it  ranges  slightly  farther 
north  in  a  narrow  belt  of  swamp  close  to  the  ]^.[ississippi  I\iver,  to  within 
a  few  miles  of  Grand  Tower.  In  the  Ohio  Valley  it  is  found  in  the 
swamps  on  both  sides  of  the  river  to  a  point  about  five  miles  below  (iol- 
conda,  Illinois,  and  Berry  Ferry,  Kentucky,  and  is  reported,  also,  from 
Gilbertsville,  Kentucky,  in  the  Teimessee  Valley.  Careful  in(juiries  were 
made  in  the  lower  Wabash  Valley  to  ascertain  if  this  species  occurred 
there,  and  I  was  positively  assured  by  well-informe<l  residents  that  it 
never  was  known  in  that  region,  ^\'ith  the  exception  of  a  few  isolated 
areas  of  swamp  land  there  is  no  country  there  suited  to  their  habits. 

Sylvilagus  floridanus  alacer  (Bangs). 

SOUTHWESTERN  COTTONTAIL. 

This  form  of  the  cottontail  ranges  north  to  southeastern  ^lissouri  and 
wt'stern  Kentucky. 

S|)ecimens  were  taken  at  tbe  following  localities: 
Missouri:  Cushion  Lake. 
Kentucki/:  Berry  Ferry. 

•N.  Am.  Fiuma,  No.  S.  p.  12i).  isiir,. 


o2         Howell — Mammals  of  the  Middle  Mississipjn  Vallcii. 
Sylvilagus  floridanus  mearnsi  (Allen). 

NORTH  WESTKItX  ('<  (TTOXTAIL. 

Spt'ciiiu'ii^  of  this  form  were  taken  at  the  followiiiir  lncahties: 
Misaoxi-i  :   Horseshoe  Lake,  St.  Charles  Connty;   .Ahirhlc  Hill. 
Illiiioift  :   Kansas;  Olive  I>ranch. 

Urocyon  cinereoargenteus  (Schreber). 

(iRAY  VOX. 

(Jray  foxe.-^  were  reported  to  me  as  occurrinif  at  Midway,  Kentneky,  and 
Liek  Creek,  Illinois. 

Vulpes  fulvus  ( Desman'st). 

RKD  FOX. 

This  species  was  reportc^d  to  occur  at  the  follnwinLj:  localities: 
Kenlnckij:  ^Midway;  Bi<?  Black  Mountain,  Harlan  County  (IDOS). 
IIHiKils:    Wolf  Lake;   Lick  Creek  (den  of  youuij:  found  aliout  .Afay  20). 

Canis  sp.? 

WOLF. 

A  few  wolves  are  rei)orted  in  the  ri\i:;ion  about  Clushion  Lake,  .Missoiu'i, 
and  one  was  killed  near  there  in  the  winter  of  ]()0.S-5). 

Canis  latrans  Say. 

COVOTF. 

I  was  informed  by  a  resident  of  Kansas,  Illinois,  that  several  prairie 
wolves  had  l)een  seen  and  one  killed  a  few  niiU-s  south  of  Kansas  two  or 
thre(!  years  ii^o. 

Spilogale  putorius  (Linuieus). 

ALLKcillFNIA.N  SI'OTTFD  SKCXK. 

The  Spotted  skuidcs  undoubtedly  range  north  as  far  as  southern  Illinois. 
They  were  reported  to  be  fairly  conunon  at  Golconda,  Illinois,  and  Berry 
Ferry,  Kentucky.  Hahn  gives  a  record  from  Knox  County,  Indiana,* 
and  they  are  said  to  occur  at  New  Harmony. 

Putorius  noveboracensis  Lnunons. 

XFW  YORK   WFASFL. 

This  weasel  is  fairly  conunon  in  S()utheru  Illinois  and  Kentucky.     Rec- 
ords were  secured  of  its  occurrence  at  the  following  localities: 
flUnifis:  (iolconda  C!  s{)eciniens) ;  Lick  Creek. 
Keiitnckii:  Hawesville  (1  specimen);   ^lidway  (1  specimen);  Jackson. 

Blarina  brevicauda  carolinensis  (liachman). 

CAKOLINIA.N    ItLARINA. 

Specimens  of  this  form  were  taken  at  the  f(jllo\\ing  localities: 
Illinois:  Olive  P>rancli,  L';  (!ypre.ss  Junction,  near  Shawneetown,  1;  (Jol- 

couda,  L 
Kentucky:  Jack.son,  I. 


MiUiiin.  of  Iiidiaiia,  loc.  cif.,  ijp.  57.')-577. 


Howell — Mammah  of  Ihc  Middle  Missisaijyin  Vcdley.         33 
Scalopus  aquaticus  machrinus  ( Ralinesque). 

PRAIRIE  MOLE. 

Moles  are  quite  generally  distributed  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  in 
some  sections  are  abundant.     Records  or  specimens  were  obtained  at  tlie 
following  localities: 
Missouri:  St.  Francis  River,  west  of  Senatli   (a  few  occur);   rortageville 

(common);  Marble  Hill  (common;  1  specimen). 
Illinois:  Riehl  Station,  near  Alton  (common;  1  si)eciinen);  Olive  Branch 

(common);  Woodlawn  (numerous);  Olney  (numerous;   1  specimen); 

Golconda  ( numerous ) . 
Kentucky:  Mammoth  Cave  (scarce) ;  Hawesville  ( uncommon ) ;   Midway 

(abundant;  )]  specimens). 

Pipistrellus  subflavus  (F.  Cuvier). 

GEORGIAN  BAT. 

Generally  distributed  in  tlie  Mississippi  Valley  ;  very  numerous  in 
soutliern  Illinois.  Four  small  caves  near  Lick  Creek,  Illinois,  were  ex - 
jilored  on  -May  '2'2,  but  only  about  six  bats  of  this  species  were  found 
all  told,  all  hanging  singly.  They  were  sluggish,  cold,  and  very  loath  to 
move,  even  after  being  handled.  All  were  males.  No  bats  of  any  kind 
were  found  in  ]\Iammotb  Cave  at  the  time  of  my  visit,  although  large 
numbers  of  Mijotis  lucifugus  are  known  to  live  there  in  the  winter.  Nor 
were  any  of  the  latter  species  shot  in  the  vicinity. 

Specimens  of  P.  sid^flavus  were  collected  at  the  following  localities: 
Illinois:  OHve  Branch,  2  (May  14);  Lick  Creek,  4  (?,Iay  22);  Olney,  1 

(JuneS);  Reevesville,  1  (June  22). 
Kentucky:  Mammoth  Cave,  1  (JuneiiO). 

Lasiurus  borealis  (Miiller). 

RED  BAT. 

Not  very  common  ;  specimens  were  taken  as  follows : 
Illinois:  Olive  Branch,  1  (May  14). 
Kentucky:  Mammoth  Cave,  1  (July  ]  ;  two  seen). 

Nycticeius  humeralis  (Ratinesque). 

RAFINESQUE  BAT. 

Sj)ecimens  of  this  southern  species  were  taken  at  the  following  localities: 
Missouri:  Cushion  Lake,  New  Madrid  County,  1  (May  (>). 
Illinois:  Olive  Branch,  4  (May  17,  18). 
Kentucky:  Mammoth  Cave,  1  (June  30). 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  35-40  April  19,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


THE  STRIDULATIONS  OF  SOME  "KATYDIDS."* 

BY  H.  A.  ALLARD. 


In  tlie  popular  sense,  the  term  "katydid"  is  applied  to 
members  of  several  different  genera  of  the  Locustidse.  These 
insects  are  more  strictly  arboreal  than  the  rest  of  the  Locustidse, 
and  in  many  ways  show  marked  adaptation  to  arboreal  con- 
ditions. Although  of  large  size,  the  more  or  less  oval  outlines, 
the  green  color,  and  the  leaf-like  venation  of  the  large  wing- 
covers  serve  to  harmonize  them  well  with  tlieir  environment  of 
green  foliage. 

The  katydids  are  nearly  all  nocturnal  singers,  and  stridulate 
only  rarely  during  sunshine.  The  species  of  katydids  which  I 
have  met  and  with  whose  stridulations  I  have  become  acquainted 
are  included  in  the  four  genera. — Scudderia,  Ambb/corypha, 
Microcentrum,  and  Ci/rtophyllus.  Most  species  of  these  genera 
stridulate  in  a  manner  markedly  different  from  others,  so  that 
far  greater  differences  characterize  their  notes  than  is  usual 
among  the  species  oi  Xiphidium,  Orchelimum,  or  Conocephalus. 

In  the  first  genus,  Scudderia  texensis  Saussure  and  Pictet  is 
one  of  the  commonest  and  most  widely  distributed  of  all  the 
katydids.  It  is  not  an  arboreal  species,  but  dwells  almost 
entirely  in  the  tall  grass  in  neglected  upland  fields.  At 
Thompson's  Mills,  Ga.,  where  it  is  exceedingly  common,  it  is 
almost  entirely  an  upland  insect.  Here  also  it  is  a  common 
dweller  among  cotton  plants.  Its  stridulations,  produced  by  a 
quick,  shuffling  wing-movement  of  brief  duration,  is  soft,  weak, 
and  delivered  at  rather  long  and  irregular  intervals.  It  is 
usually  heard  during  hazy  afternoons  and  in  the  evening.     It 

•The  katydids  listed  in  this  paper  were  kindly  identified   for  me  by  Mr.  A.  N. 
Caudell,  of  the  U.  S.  National  Mnseum. 

7— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (35) 


36  Allard — The  Stridulations  of  some  "  Kati/dids.'^ 

is  a  note  difficult  to  express,  but  recalls  the  phrase,  sh-sh-sh- 
sh-sh-sh-sh.  Scudderia  texensis  is  a  shy  species,  and  when 
flushed  from  the  grass  flies  some  distance,  in  a  quiet,  irregular 
flight.     It  is  a  common  insect  around  Washington,  D.  C. 

Scudderia  furcata  Brunner  is  also  a  very  common  species  at 
Thompson's  Mills,  Ga.,  and  also  prefers  the  tall  grasses,  briars 
and  weeds  of  upland  fields,  for  it,  too,  is  strictly  a  terrestrial 
species.  At  Thompson's  Mills,  in  an  old,  abandoned  field 
which  had  grown  up  to  a  dense  growth  of  broom-grass  and 
weeds,  this  katydid  was  extremely  abundant  in  September  and 
October.  Its  note  is  a  rather  soft  zeep,  uttered  singly,  or 
occasionally  two  or  three  times  in  succession.  Like  texensis, 
furcata  is  not  a  noisy  or  persistent  singer,  and  its  brief  notes 
are  uttered  only  at  long  and  irregular  intervals,  in  the  afternoon 
or  during  the  night.  This  species  sometimes  finds  a  hiding 
place  among  the  foliage  of  an  orchard  tree,  from  which  it  pro- 
duces its  stridulations.  S.  furcata  is  a  very  common  form 
around  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  species  of  Amblycorypha  stridulate  much  more  noisily 
and  persistently  than  the  species  of  Scudderia.  Amblycorypha 
oblongifolia  De  Geer  is  a  fairly  common  species  at  Thompson's 
Mills,  and  stridulates  almost  entirely  at  night.  In  this  locality 
I  find  it  almost  always  among  the  weeds  and  low  shrubs  of 
upland  situations.  Here,  my  record  of  the  first  singer  in  1909 
was  July  26.  This  large  katydid  is  an  especially  common 
species  on  Plummer's  Island,  Maryland,  where  it  usually  pre- 
fers the  willows  and  herbage  close  to  the  water.  The  note  of 
Amblycorypha  oblongifolia  consists  of  a  single,  Ijrief  phrase 
repeated  at  more  or  less  regular  intervals.  When  heard  close 
by,  it  is  apparent  that  this  note  begins  with  a  very  rapid  crepi- 
tation, which  may  be  likened  to  the  sudden  rasping  of  an 
object  across  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  This  terminates  sharply 
with  a  sound  remotely  like  "  itzic."  The  entire  song  may  be 
likened  to  the  syllables,  z-z-z-z-itzic — z-z-z-z-itzic.  At  a  dis- 
tance, these  notes  recall  the  weak  chirp  of  a  small  bird  in  the 
weeds, — itzic-itzic-itzic-itzic-itzic .  Amhlycorypha  oblongifolia  is 
a  persistent  singer,  and  is  usually  heard  in  rather  definite 
colonies.  Blatchley  very  aptly  describes  the  note  when  he 
likens  it  to  a  "  creaking  squawk — like  the  noise  made  by  draw- 
ing a  fine-toothed  comb  over  a  taut  string." 


Allard — The  Strididations  of  some  "  Katydids.'' '  37 

Amhli/roi'ppha  rotundifolia  Scudder  is  a  smaller  katydid  than 
A.  oblongifolin,  and  occ-urs  around  Washington,  D.  C.  On  the 
night  of  August  25,  1909,  I  caught  a  male  of  A.  rotundifolia 
close  to  the  ground  on  a  dry,  rocky,  wooded  hillside  on 
Plummer's  Island.  Its  stridulations  were  continued  for  some 
time  while  I  closely  observed  it  near  by.  Its  song  is  brief, 
faint,  and  of  the  same  lisping  character  as  that  of  Amhlycorypha 
uhleri,  but  entirely  unlike  it  in  delivery.  Each  phrase  is  a  soft, 
shuffling  noise  repeated  at  intervals, — sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh-sh 
— sh-sh-sh-sh.  Scudder  likens  the  notes  to  "  chic-a-chee," 
several  times  repeated.  In  a  study  of  the  katydids  occurring  at 
Thompson's  Mills,  I  have  not  yet  obtained  this  species. 

One  of  the  commonest  eastern  katydids  is  the  little  Amhly- 
corypha uhleri  Brunner.  This  species  is  very  common  around 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  exceedingly  common  at  Thompson's 
Mills,  Georgia.  Everywhere,  it  dwells  not  far  from  the  ground 
in  the  tall  grass  and  weeds  of  old  fields  and  roadsides.  The 
individuals  of  this  species  do  not  seem  to  congregate  into  well- 
defined  colonies  at  all,  but  remain  more  or  less  evenly  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  fields.  This  katydid  stridulates  occa- 
sionally during  the  day,  but  usually  at  night.  On  warm, 
moonlight  evenings  its  soft  lisping  responses  are  almost  the 
dominant  notes  of  the  low^  weeds  of  the  fields  and  roadsides. 
I  have  studied  the  notes  of  A.  uhleri  very  carefully  and  find 
them  quite  variable. 

The  complete  song  begins  with  a  prolonged,  soft,  silken, 
almost  uniform  noise  produced  by  a  rapid,  shuffling  wing 
movement.  This  note  soon  passes  into  a  succession  of  short, 
vehement  staccato  lisps, — sip-itsip-itsip-itsip-itsip,  and  termi- 
nates with  a  rapid,  shuffling  sound  two  or  three  times  repeated, 
sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh.  The  complete  song 
may  be  expressed,  thus: — s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-sip-itsip-itsip-itsip- 
itsip-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh.  In 
some  instances  a  succession  of  staccato  lisj^s,  tip-tip-tip-tip, 
very  slowly  repeated,  follow  the  final  phrases,  sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh, 
recalling  the  lispings  notes — tsip-tsip-tsip-tsip,  in  the  song  of 
an  Orchelimum.  Other  individuals  deliver  only  the  lisping 
phrases,  sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh,  which  are  always  preceded  by  an 
almost  inaudible  click  of  the  wings.  This  song  may  be 
expressed   as   follows:    tip-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh.     If   two    males   are 


38  Alla7'd — The Strididat ions  of  some  "  Kati/dids." 

stridiilating  near  each  other,  the  responses  are  likely  to  be 
similar.  If  one  singer  begins  its  song  witli  the  soft,  silken, 
continuous  note,  s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s-s,  it  is  very  quickly  answered  by 
the  other  in  precisely  the  same  way.  Tlie  usual  notes  of 
AmhUicorypha  uhleri  are,  tip-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh,  or  this  may 
be  preceded  by  several  short  notes,  slowly  delivered,  tip-tip- 
tip-tip-tip-tip — ,  sh-sh-sh-sh-sh-sh.  The  stridulations  of  this 
katydid  have  evidently  never  been  completely  described,  as 
every  part  seems  to  be  an  essential  love-call  in  its  song. 

The  katydids  of  the  genus  Microcentrurii  are  more  strictly 
arboreal  than  any  of  the  preceding.  Microrcntrnvi  retlnerve 
Burmeister  is  strictly  an  arboreal  katydid,  and  dwells  almost 
exclusively  in  the  crowns  of  the  highest  oaks,  hickories, 
maples  and  other  deciduous  trees.  At  Thompson's  Mills,  Ga., 
this  katydid,  judging  from  the  numbers  stridulating  during 
warm,  midsummer  nights,  is  one  of  the  commonest  and  most 
noisy  of  all  the  Locustidas.  Owing  to  its  arboreal  habits,  how- 
ever, it  is  not  readily  located  and  captured.  Its  notes,  which 
are  loud,  harsh  and  persistently  delivered  throughout  the 
summer  nights,  consists  of  several  rapidly  shuffled  phrases, 
each  briefer  than  the  last — sh-sh-sh-sh — sh-sh-sh — sb-sh — sh. 
Wherever  this  katydid  occurs,  it  is  very  locally  distributed,  so 
that  certain  groves  are  almost  without  a  singer.  This  katydid 
is  very  common  in  the  woods  on  Plummer's  Island,  Maryland, 
above  Washington,  D.  ('.,  but  throughout  the  sunnner  of  1909 
I  did  not  hear  a  single  individual  in  the  trees  at  Lincoln  Park, 
although  Microcentrum  rJiovd)ifoliiim  was  very  common  there. 

Microcentrum  rhomhifol'mm  Saussure  is  the  largest  and  one  of 
the  commonest  katydids  in  much  of  the  eastern  United  States. 
At  Thompson's  Mills  this  s[)ecies  is  very  common,  and  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  I  find  it  perhaps  the  commonest  katydid. 
In  the  willows  and  small  trees  bordering  the  low  grounds  of 
east  Washington,  it  is  a  very  common  species,  and  the  strident 
calls  of  different  individuals  may  be  heard  in  m-arly  every 
bush.  Although  it  is  a  rather  shy  species,  with  a  little  care  it 
may  readily  be  taken,  since  it  dwells  in  low  shrubbery  in  open 
situations,  and  is  not  a  forest  species. 

1  have  carefully  studied  tlie  peculiar  stridulations  of  these 
katydids  by  placing  them  on  l)oughs  in  my  room.  Thi'oughout 
the  night   tlieir   crepitating  notes   were   leisurely   delivered   in 


AllanI — The  Stridulations  of  some  "  Katydids.'"  39 

response  to  others  in  the  trees  out-of-doors.  The  notes  which 
show  considerable  variation  in  length  and  intensity  are  sharp, 
snapping  crepitations,  and  sound  much  like  the  slow  snapping 
of  tlie  teeth  of  a  stiff  comb  as  some  object  is  slowly  drawn 
across  it.  They  may  be  more  or  less  accurately  expressed 
thus:  tek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-tzip — tek-ek-ek-ek-ek- 
ek-ek-ek-ek-tzip.  The  first  notes  are  very  distinct  and  incisive, 
but  grow  fainter  with  a  rapid  decrease  in  the  intervals  separat- 
ing each  single  syllable, — ek-ek,  and  terminate  with  a  single, 
loud,  rasping  tzip.  In  some  instances  this  tzip  is  followed  l)y 
a  succession  of  several  barely  audible  clicks  of  the  wings,  tek- 
ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-ek-tzip-ek-ek-ek-ek.  After  dark  on  warm,  sum- 
mer evenings  this  katydid  is  a  very  persistent  singer.  Riley 
describes  the  notes  of  Microccntrum  rhombifulium  very  accurately. 
He  says:  "The  song  consists  of  a  series  of  from  25-30  rasp- 
ings, as  of  a  stiff  quill  drawn  across  a  coarse  file.  There  are 
about  five  of  these  raspings  or  trills  per  second,  all  alike  and 
with  equal  intervals,  except  the  last  two  or  three,  which,  with 
the  closing  of  the  wings,  run  into  each  other.  The  whole 
strongly  recalls  the  slow  tvirning  of  a  child's  wooden  rattle, 
ending  with  a  sudden  jerk  of  the  same     .      .      .      .      " 

The  true  katydid  CyrtopJn/Uvs  perspicillatus  Linnauis  is  also 
strictl}^  an  arboreal  species.  Its  stridulations,  which  rarely 
begin  before  dusk,  are  prol)abl3'  the  hardest  and  most  rasping 
notes  produced  by  any  of  the  LocustidtB.  At  Thompson's 
Mills,  Georgia,  it  is  a  very  common  species,  and  noisy  colonies 
occupy  nearly  every  wooded  tract.  In  the  evolution  of  this 
species,  the  power  of  sustained  flight  has  been  quite  lost,  so 
that  when  disturbed  in  its  leafy  hiding  place  among  the  top- 
most branches  of  the  forest  trees,  it  drops  to  a  lower  limb  or 
sails  gently  to  the  ground.  Cyrtophylhis  perspicillatus  is  very 
sedentary  in  its  halnts,  and  shows  little  disposition  to  migrate, 
in  part  owing  to  its  limited  powers  of  flight.  I  have  frequently 
noted  that  the  same  individual  may  occujiy  a  certain  tree  or 
liml)  throughout  the  summer.  This  katydid  is  evidently  gen- 
erally distributed  throughout  the  hill  and  mountain  section  of 
north  Georgia,  for  even  in  the  forests  on  Tray  and  Blue  Moun- 
tains, Towns  County,  I  heard  their  stridulations  in  late 
September. 

The  notes  of  this  katydid  are  sharp,  emphatic  rasping  sylla- 


40  Allard — The  Strldulations  of  some  "  Katydids.^' 

bles  of  a  few  seconds  duration,  usually  from  three  to  five 
following  in  rapid  succession,  with  intervals  of  rest — kitzy- 
kitzy-kitzy-kitzy-kitzy — or  kitzy-kitzy-kitzy.  In  the  high  forest 
trees  throughout  the  little  settlement  of  Thompson's  Mills,  Ga., 
the  strident  calls  of  this  katydid  may  be  heard  above  all  other 
insects.  Here,  on  warm,  summer  evenings,  the  quiet  dusk  is 
suddenly  interrupted  by  the  incisive  notes  of  a  single  singer, 
and  the  din  of  the  entire  colony  immediately  starts  up  to  con- 
tinue throughout  the  night.  It  is  also  a  noisy  species  in  the 
trees  on  Plummer's  Island,  Maryland. 

The  stridulations  of  nearly  all  the  katydids  are  harsh  and 
unmusical  reiterations,  yet  their  lively  notes  add  greatly  to  the 
life  and  buoyancy'  of  the  midsummer  days  and  nights. 


Vol.  XXIIl,  pp  41-46  April  19,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  ISSIDAE 
(FULGORIDAE). 


BY  E.  D.  BALL. 


While  collecting  on  a  dry  rocky  slope  in  southwestern  Utah 
several  years  ago,  the  writer  beat  from  the  scanty  vegetation  of 
this  desert  region  three  or  four  specimens  of  a  very  curious  leaf 
hopper,  evidently  an  Issid,  I)Ut  apparently  representing  an 
undescribed  genus.  The  few  specimens  taken  were  apparently 
stray  captures  and  no  more  were  found  in  this  region  although 
diligent  search  was  made  on  nearly  every  plant  represented  in 
the  original  locality. 

The  past  season  the  writer  came  upon  this  insect  again  in  two 
different  regions  in  California.  The  first  capture  was  on  the 
Mojave  desert  and  a  little  later  the  same  insect  was  found  near 
the  Salton  Sea.  Both  of  these  places  are  extreme  desert  regions 
and  very  similar  in  vegetation  to  the  Utah  region  where  it  was 
first  found.  The  insect,  therefore,  appears  to  be  closely  confined 
to  the  extremely  hot,  dry  desert  areas  of  the  Southwest.  It  is 
much  smaller  and  paler  than  its  nearest  relatives,  no  doubt  an 
adaptation  to  the  sparse,  pale  vegetation  of  its  normal  habitat. 
The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Herbert  Osborn,  who  has 
done  so  much  to  further  our  knowledge  of  the  American  leaf 
hoppers.  The  types  of  this  and  all  other  species  here  described 
are  in  the  author's  collection. 

Osbornia  gen.  nov. 

Somewhat  resembling  Danepteryx  but  with  elytra  oval  and  abbreviated, 
and  the  margin  of  vertex  and  front  produced  into  a  pair  of  acute  horn- 
hke  angles  above  the  eyes. 

Vertex  transversely  concave,  inclined,  wider  than  long,  anterior  margin 
elevated,  meeting  the  front  in  an  acute  angle  which  is  accentuated  at  the 
lateral  carinae,  forming  two  acutely  triangular  "horns"  nearly  as  high 

»— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXHI,  1910.  (41) 


42      Ball — Xrjr  Genera  and  Sperirs  of  ff^xidar  {Fidgorulae). 

as  the  width  of  an  eye.  The  anterior  margin  of  vertex  broadly  triangularly 
emarginate,  posterior  margin  deeply  roundingly  cmarginate.  Front  nearly 
horizontal,  Ijroad,  convex  below,  slightly  narrowing  above  to  just  before 
the  apex  where  it  expands  into  the  horns.  Median  carina  distinct  and 
extending  onto  vertex.     Clypeus  strongly  inflated. 

Pronotum  long  on  tlie  median  line,  very  narrow  behind  the  eyes,  median 
carina  distinct,  mesonotuni  tricarinate.  Elytra  l)rachypterous,  oval, 
corium  with  three  ijrincipal  veins  and  irregular  reticulations.  Abdomen 
with  the  exposed  segments  strongly  tubercularly  elevated.  I^gs  as  in 
Danepteryx,  posterior  tibia  with  a  single  spine.  ■ 

Type  of  the  genus  0.  cornida. 

Osbornia  cornuta  sp.  nov. 

Superficially  resembling  Peltonotellus  histrlonicus  somewhat,  smaller 
than  Danppteryx.  A  small  brownish  insect  with  abbreviated  ashy  gray 
elytra  and  acute  outer  augles  to  the  vertex.     Length,  •">  mm. 

Vertex  twice  wider  than  its  length  on  lateral  carinae.  Four  times  wider 
than  its  median  length.  Lateral  carinae  distinct,  elevated,  meeting  the 
lateral  carinae  of  front  in  an  acutely  produced  ear-like  angle  or  horn. 
Between  these  horns  the  vertex  is  triangularly  emarginate  anteriorly. 
Front  horizontal,  one-third  wider  than  its  median  lengtli,  margins  nearly 
parallel,  slightly  constricted  just  beneath  the  lateral  iiorns.  Clypeus  large, 
strongly  inflated.  Elytra  abbreviate,  roundingly  truncate,  usually  slightly 
separated  by  the  elevated  abdomen.  The  last  four  abdominal  segments 
with  distinct  tul)erculate,  median  elevations. 

Color. — Quite  variable,  usually  dark  brown  with  the  ground  color  of  the 
elytra  and  some  stripes  on  the  abdomen  light.  Front  brown,  the  lateral 
carinae,  a  row  of  dots  just  inside  these  and  a  narrow  crescent  above  the 
clypeus  pale.  Clypeus  tawny  or  orange.  Vertex  brown,  its  carinae  pale. 
Elytra  ashy  gray  with  the  reticulate  nervures  brown,  especially  around 
the  margins.  Abdomen  I)rown  with  five  rows  of  irregular  spots.  Pale 
specimens  are  sometimes  almost  straw  color  with  the  clypeus  and  the 
tubercles  on  the  abdominal  segments  reddish  orange. 

Described  from  twelve  examples  from  St.  (xeorge,  Utah,  and  Mojave, 
California.     Collected  by  the  author. 

Naso  melichari  sp.  nov. 

Closely  resembling  robertsoni  in  size  and  form.  Smaller  with  the  cephalic 
process  less  inflated  at  the  apex.  Pitchy  1)lack  without  markings.  Lengtli, 
3.75  mm. 

Vertex  sliort  tr;insverse,  sharply  separated  from  the  front  l>y  a  distinct 
carina.  Front  broad  at  base,  broader  than  in  fitchi,  tapering  gradually  into 
a  long  })()inted  snout  as  seen  from  al)Ove.  The  lateral  carinae  expanded 
just  before  the  eyes,  then  contracted  near  the  middle  of  the  process,  ff)rm- 
ing  a  somewhat  diamond-shaped  conipartmcnt,  lieyond  this  regularly 
narrowing  to  the  apex.  Median  carina  obscure  on  the  disc,  becoming 
prominent  almost  foliaceons  around  the  I'xtremity.     As  seen  from  the  side 


Ball — New  Genera  an<J  Sjyries  of  Imdae  (Fvlgori/Jae).      43 

this  protuberance  is  inclined  at  an  anj^le  of  about  forty-tive  degrees  with 
tlie  extremity  rounded  and  enlarged.  Pronotum  large  with  anterior  and 
median  carinae  prominent.  Elytra  rather  narrow  with  a  large  number 
of  irregular  longitudinal  veins.  Abdomen  narrow,  the  segments  weakly 
pustulate. 

Color. — Pitchy  black,  the  posterior  margin  of  the  eyes  fulvous,  the  ros- 
trum and  coxae  white,  and  often  a  testaceous  iridescence  to  the  front  and 
elytra. 

Described  from  three  females  from  Arizona  in  the  collection  of  the 
author. 

Hysteropterum  unum  sp.  nov. 

Resembling  cornulum  but  larger  and  more  strongly  marked.  Dirty 
straw  marked  with  l)rown  and  green.     Length,  4  mm. 

Vertex  two  and  one-half  times  wider  than  long,  much  longer  and 
narrower  than  in  cornutum,  the  anterior  margin  as  seen  from  above 
straight,  disc  depressed,  posterior  margin  slightly,  roundingly  emarginate. 
Front  longer  and  narrower  than  in  cornutum,  the  lateral  carina  straiglit 
to  just  before  the  clypeus  where  they  round  in  a  trifle.  ITnion  of  front  and 
vertex  right  angle<l,  distinctly  carinate ;  as  viewed  from  the  front  this  union 
is  broadly  angularly  emarginate.  Clyi)eus  strongly  obliquely  ribbed  and 
with  a  Inroad  median  carina.  Pronotum  long  and  narrow,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  width  of  the  vertex.  Elytra  longer  than  in  niniiitiiin  and  more 
definitely  gibbous. 

Color. — Vertex  green,  a  pair  of  brown  V-shaped  marks  in  the  posterior 
angles.  Front  pale  green  with  irregular  brown  spots  between  the  carinae. 
Clypeus  orange.  Pronotum  and  mesonotum  pale  green  with  traces  of  fus- 
cous marking.  Elytra  pale  straw,  greenish  attheliinge.  A  l)road  l)rownish 
stripe  on  either  elytron,  running  back  from  the  eye  and  enclosing  a  broad 
pale  sutural  stripe,  whit-h  is  angularly  enlarged  just  before,  the  apex  of 
clavous. 

Described  from  a  single  male  from  Pueblo,  Colorado.  Collected  by  the 
author.     Readily  recognized  by  its  distinct  vertex  and  elytral  markings. 

Dictyobia  combinata  sp.  nov. 

Sliglitly  larger  than  permutata  with  longer  less  angled  elytra.  An 
oblique  light  stripe  on  each  elytron.     Length,  5  mm. 

Vertex  about  six  times  wider  than  its  median  length  with  the  margins 
strongly  carinate.  Front  horizontal,  slightly  convex,  a  trifle  widened 
between  the  antennae.  Elytra  decidedly  longer  and  somewhat  broader 
than  \u  permutata.  ]\ruch  broader  posteriorly,  venation  similar,  the  inner 
veins  of  c(jrinni  much  closer  to  claval  suture. 

Color. — Female  sulphur  yellow  with  the  elytra  brown.  A  pair  of  brown 
dots  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  mesonotum.  The  brown  of  the  elytra 
interrupted  by  a  broad,  definite  oblique,  subhyaline  band  arising  on  the 
middle  of  the  clavus  and  extending  to  the  c(jsta  beyond  the  middle.  The 
anterior  part  of  costal  area  and  an  oval  area  against  the  ajiex  light.     The, 


44      Ball — New  Genera  and  Species  of  Jmdae  {FnUjoruhie). 

brown  markings  often  accentuated  against  tiie  oblique  band.     Male,  uni- 
formly darker  with  the  same  markings. 

Described  from  five  examples  taken  at  Colfax,  ralifi)niia,  by  the  author. 

Dictyssa  ovata  sp.  \u^\. 

Slightly  smaller  and  darker  than  areolata  witJi  only  tiin-e  discal  hyaline 
cells  on  elytra.     Length,  3.5  mm. 

Vertex  narrow,  anterior  margin  straiglit,  cariuate,  meeting  front  in  a 
right  angle,  slightly  longer  and  more  prominently  angled  than  in  areolata. 
Elytra  with  the  two  inner  branches  on  the  corium  widely  separated  and 
curved  to  form  an  almost  circular  cell  on  the  inner  disc.  In  areolata  and 
mutaia  the  inner  branch  is  not  curved  and  the  outer  one  less  so  than  in 
tlie  pre.sent  species. 

Color. — Face  vertex  and  pronotum  clear  pale  yellow,  rarely  obscured 
with  smoky  brown.  Elytra  varying  from  dark  brown  to  almost  l)lack 
with  the  anterior  half  of  the  costa  light,  interrupted  with  transverse  brown 
nervures.  Posterior  half  of  costa  and  entire  apical  margin  and  most  of  the 
sutural  margin  ornamented  with  small  semicircular  pellucid  spots.  Disc 
of  corium  with  three  nu'lky-white  subhyaline  cells  in  an  oblicjue  band,  the 
median  cell  much  the  larger,  almost  circular,  and  its  uuirgin  studded  with 
about  eight  short,  dark  nervures.  Inner  hyaline  area  irregular,  much 
smaller,  usually  extending  across  the  suture  onto  the  clavus,  and  often 
partially  or  wholly  divided  by  a  cross  nervure.  Outer  cell  nearly  pen- 
tagonal in  outline,  scarcely  two-thirds  the  size  of  the  middle  one  and 
usually  more  than  its  own  width  removed  from  the  spots  along  the  costa. 

Described  from  eight  examples  from  Ti  Juana,  Mexico,  and  Tia  Juana, 
California,  collected  by  the  autlior.  Closely  resembling  areolata  but 
easily  separated  by  the  smaller  size  and  the  abbreviated  oblique  marking 
of  the  elytra  which  does  not  reach  the  costa. 

Dictyssa  fenestrata  sp.  nov. 

Resembling  ovata  in  form,  slightly  snuUler.  Brown  with  two  transverse 
bands  of  hyaline  spots  behind  the  middle  of  the  elytra.     Length,  3  mm. 

Vertex  slightly  longer  and  narrower  than  in  ovata,  with  the  carinae  more 
elevated.  Elytral  venation  similar  to  ovata  but  with  the  first  two  sect(jrs 
of  the  corium  less  widely  separated  as  in  mutnta,  and  with  a  smallt^r  num- 
ber of  reticulate  veinlets,  especially  towards  the  apical  portions. 

Color. — Pale  dirty  brown.  Elytra  brown  with  the  nervures  mostly  pale. 
Costal  and  sutural  margins  bordered  with  small  pale  spots.  An  oblique 
hyaline  band  from  the  base  of  clavus  to  center  of  corium.  A  transverse 
hyaline  band  just  back  of  the  middle  of  corium  made  up  of  five  or  six 
angular  cells,  another  transverse  band  across  the  apex  composed  of  three  or 
four  large  oval  hyaline  cells  and  about  the  same  number  of  minute  round 
ones  against  the  margin  between  the  larger  ones. 

Described  from  six  exami)k's  from  Tia  Juana,  California,  collected  by 
the  author.  A  very  distinct  species  and  one  easily  recognized  by  the  large 
hyaline  cells  at  the  apex. 


Ball — Neiv  Genera  and  Species  of  Issidae  (Fidgoridae).      45 

Dictyssa  obliqua  sp.  iiov. 

Size  and  form  of  fenestrata  nearly  ))nt  nincli  darker,  venation  and  ob- 
lique band  as  in  mntala  nearly.  Dark  brown  or  black  with  an  oblique 
band  and  maru^inal  spots  on  the  elytra  hyaline.     Length,  3  mm. 

Vertex  and  pronotum  black,  the  marijin.s  pale.  Median  carina  definitely 
white  lined,  face  I:)rown  or  pale  brown,  the  carinae  margined  with  fuscous. 
Elytra  black,  an  ()l)lique  hyaline  band  from  the  posterior  disc  of  clavus  to 
the  middle  of  the  corium,  then  angled  to  the  costa  as  in  mulata,  the  two 
outer  cells  oval  and  smaller  than  those  on  disc.  Entire  margin  of  elytra 
sparsely  ornamented  with  pellucid  dots,  the  largest  ones  around  the  apex. 

Described  from  twelve  examples  from  Tia  Juana,  California,  and  Ti 
Juana,  Mexico,  collected  by  the  author.  This  is  the  only  dark  species  of 
the  genus  that  has  the  oblique  band. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  47-48  April  19,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


THE  SCALES  OF  THE  ATHERINID  FISHES. 
BY  T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


When  examining  the  scales  of  various  Acanthopterygians,  it 
was  observed  that  those  of  the  Scombrids  differed  so  greatly 
from  those  of  the  Percoids  that  it  was  hard  to  understand  how 
one  could  have  been  derived  from  the  other.  The  typical 
Percoid  scale  (e.  g.  that  of  Perca  fluviatllis)  has  very  strong 
basal  radii,  the  inferior  margin  being  scalloped  or  crenulate. 
Scales  of  this  type  may  be  cycloid  or  ctenoid,  but  their  general 
character  remains  the  same.  In  Scomber  the  broad  scale  has 
no  basal  radii  whatever,  and  tlie  lower  margin  is  not  scalloped. 
It  chanced  that  among  some  fishes  of  unknown  locality,  long- 
preserved  at  the  University  of  Colorado,  I  found  a  couple  of 
Atherinidffi.  The  examination  of  their  scales  at  once  revealed 
the  fact  that  they  were  (in  respect  to  the  squamation)  exactly 
intermediate  between  the  Scombrids  and  Percoids;  in  fact  the 
different  scales  on  the  same  fish  virtually  bridged  the  gap  which 
had  seemed  so  great.  Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Evermann 
and  the  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  I  have  now  been  supplied  with 
four  species  of  Atherinidffi,  having  authentic  names  and  locali- 
ties, and  it  seems  worth  wliile  to  report  the  results  of  their 
examination.  The  Atherinid  scale  (from  the  middle  of  the 
side)  is  broader  than  long,  and  in  general  very  much  like  tliat 
of  the  Scombrids.  In  Kirtlandia  laciniata  the  scales  from  the 
position  mentioned  have  no  basal  radii,  altliough  the  base  is 
wavy  or  subplicate;  but  the  scales  of  the  caudal  peduncle  show 
strong  basal  radii.     The  diagnostic  characters  are  as  follows: 


^o 


(1.)  Kirtlandia  laciniata  Swain.  Chesapeake  Bay,  Va.  ((Jrainpus  Sta. 
4).  Scales  nearly  3  mm.  long,  a  little  over  4  broad:  apieal  margin 
thin,  strongly  irregularly  crenate,  with  rudimentary  radii;  apical 

9— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash..  Vol.  XXIH,  1910.  (47) 


48  Cockerell — The  Scales  of  the  Atherinid  Fishes. 

field  without  circuli;  basal  and  lateral  fields  with  strong  circuli, 
not  very  dense  ( least  so  laterallj' ) ;  basal  margin  with  a  prominent 
median  lobe,  bounded  on  each  side  by  a  shallow  fold,  but  no  basal 
radii.  Scales  of  caudal  peduncle  similar  but  nearly  square, 
with  strong  laterobasal  angles,  and  five  strong  basal  radii.  The 
scales  are  very  suggestive  of  those  of  Scomber  chrysozonus  (proba- 
bly better  called  RastrcUiger  chrysozonus,  as  I  learn  from  Dr. 
Jordan),  but  the  latter  has  no  basal  lobe,  and  has  strong  trans- 
verse circuli  in  the  apical  field.  In  general,  liowever,  the  resem- 
blance is  most  striking. 

(2.)  Menidia  menidla  (h.).  Cape  Charles  City,  Va.,  above  moutli  of 
King's  Creek.  Scales  (from  the  usual  situation  on  middle  of  side) 
about  2%  mm.  long  and  ?)}{  broad ;  nucleus  central ;  apical  margin 
simple,  entire;  no  apical  radii;  apical  field  with  dense  rather  ill- 
defined  circuli ;  lateral  field  with  widely  spaced  circuli ;  basal  field 
with  strong  circuli  and  8  or  9  .strong  radii,  M'hich,  however,  do  not 
nearly  reach  the  margin;  basal  lobe  slightly  indicated.  Scales 
from  caudal  peduncle  nearly  square  with  strong  posterior  corners 
and  numerous  strong  basal  radii. 

(3.)  Menidia  notata  (Mitch.).  Wareham  River,  Mass.,  ])ractically  in 
fresh  water.  Scales  hardly  2  mm.  long,  about  2j^'  broad  ;  formed 
as  in  M.  menidia,  except  that  there  are  about  8  strong  basal  radii, 
which  reach  the  margin,  producing  the  characteristic  scalloping. 
Scale  from  caudal  peduncle  differing  as  in  the  others. 

(4. )  Menidia  peninsulw  (Goode  and  Bean).  Sebastian  River,  Fla.  (Peli- 
can Islands).  Scales  about  2  mm.  long  and  2%  broad;  structure 
as  in  the  other  species  of  Menidia,  except  that  the  basal  radii  ( 7 
or  8),  while  reaching  the  margin,  which  they  irregularly  scallop, 
fail  centrad,  being  in  general  less  well  developed  than  tliose  of  M. 
notata.     Scale  from  caudal  peduncle  diff"ering  as  in  the  others. 

Kirtlandia  and  Meyiidia  offer  excellent  generic  differences  in  their  scales; 
Kirtlandia  is,  of  course,  the  more  Scomber-Vike. 

The  Atherinidse  belong  to  the  Percesoces,  a  suborder  of  which  Jordan 
and  Evermann  say:  " The  suborder  marks  a  transition  from  soft-raj-ed 
to  spiny-rayed  fishes,  its  nearest  associates  among  the  latter  being,  per- 
haps, the  Scombrid  forms."  The  Scombriform  character  of  the  scales, 
with  a  combination  of  Perciform  features,  is  therefore  of  much  interest. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  49-52  April  19,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


THE    WEST    AFRICAN    FOREST    PIG    (HYLOCHOERUS 

RIMATOR  THOMAS). 


BY  GLOVER  M.  ALLEN. 


\     ■  v 


Through  the  generosity  of  Col.  William  Barbour,  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoology  has  recently  received  a  skin  and  skull 
of  the  West  African  Forest  Pig  (Hylochoeriis  rimator).  I  am  in- 
debted to  the  authorities  of  the  Museum  for  permission  to  make 
a  brief  report  on  this  interesting  specimen,  the  first  of  its  kind, 
apparently,  to  reach  America.  Reports  had  for  some  years  pre- 
viously been  current  of  a  "  Giant  Pig  "  inhabiting  the  forests  of 
Equatorial  Africa,  but  it  wsiS  not  until  1901  that  actual  speci- 
mens were  obtained  from  British  East  Africa  and  sent  to  the 
British  Museum.  These,  consisting  of  two  skulls,  an  imperfect 
skin,  and  a  fragment  of  hide,  were  made  the  basis  of  the  new 
genus  and  species  Hi/lochoerus  meinertzhagenl  by  Thomas.*  A 
number  of  specimens  of  this  species  have  now  reached  European 
museums,  so  that  it  is  fairly  Avell  known  as  regards  external  and 
cranial  characters.  In  1006  Thomast  described  a  second  species, 
H.  rimator,  from  the  Ja  River,  Cam  croons,  West  Africa.  This 
was  based  on  a  single  skull  of  a  female  specimen,  and  hitherto 
no  notice  has  appeared  of  the  external  characters  nor  have  other 
skulls  apparently  reached  museums.  The  following  notes  are 
therefore  offered  regarding  the  Forest  Pig  in  the  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zoology,  and  are  of  ])articu]ar  interest  since  the 
specimen  is  a  topotype,  obtained  at  the  Ja  River,  Cameroons, 
by  Mr.  G.  L.  Bates,  the  same  gentleman  who  procured  the  type 
skull. 

Color. — The  uiuzzle  i;^  thickly  covered  with  short  black  bristles  some 
10  mm.  long,  which  increase  in  length  posteriorly  becoming  abont  25mm. 
in  length  on  the  cheeks.     The  entire  edge  of  the  ear  is  fringed  with  long 

*  Thomas,  O.    Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1904,  Vol.  2,  pp.  193-199,  pis.  14, 15. 
+  Thomas.  O.    Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  190(i,  pp.  2,  3,  figs.  l,a,b. 

10— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash..  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (49) 


50  Allen — The  West  African  Forest  Pig. 

black  bristles  which  reach  a  length  of  50  mm.  at  the  apex;  the  posterior 
surface  has  a  very  few  scattered  tine  black  bristles,  bnt  is  otherwise  prac- 
tically bare.  Tlie  body  is  covered  with  coarse  black  bristles  which  are 
longest  on  tlie  neck  and  the  dorsal  ridge.  The  longest  neck  hairs  meas- 
ured 1(34  mm.,  those  on  the  middle  area  of  the  ])ack,  132  mm.  The  fore 
and  hind  legs  are  furnished  with  shorter  bristles,  from  10  to  20  mm.  long. 
On  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body,  scattered  among  the  sparse  black 
bristles  are  others  of  a  pale  cinnamon  color  or  "  yellowish  white."  Simi- 
lar light-colored  hairs  are  present  on  the  inner  side  of  the  fore  legs  and 
thighs,  and  on  the  anterior  edge  and  proximal  two-thirds  of  the  inner  por- 
tion of  the  ears.  At  the  corner  of  the  moutli  on  each  side  is  a  patch  of 
these  light  bristles  for  a  length  of  about  65  mm.,  and  a  conspicuous  tuft  of 
the  same  along  the  posterior  angle  of  the  mandil)le,  (>xtending  vertically 
some  45  mm.,  with  a  width  of  about  10  mm.  Tlie  hoofs  are  smooth  and 
blackish. 

The  skin  is  dark  gray  and  rough,  but  there  are  no  very  definite  warts  on 
the  face,  except  that  below  the  ear,  along  the  posterior  angle  of  the 
mandible,  is  a  thickened  crescentic  area  on  which  grows  the  tuft  of  light 
bristles,  in  much  the  same  position  as  a  similar  tuft  in  the  ^Vart  Hog 
{Phacochoerus}.  The  tail  is  laterally  compressed  and  l)ears  a  few  small 
scattered  black  hairs,  except  along  its  dorsal  and  ventral  edges,  which 
for  their  terminal  55  nnn.  have  a  stiff  crest  of  close-set  black  bristles  the 
longest  of  which,  at  the  tip  of  the  tail,  attain  a  length  of  some  30  mm. 

Measurements  of  the  skin. — The  skin,  preserved  in  brine,  when  straight- 
ened out,  was  found  to  measure  approximately  1,500  mm.  in  total  length, 
of  which  the  tail  is  about  250  nnn.  The  following  additional  measure- 
ments were  made:  Greatest  transverse  diameter  of  snout  irhinarium), 
105  mm. ;  greatest  vertical  diameter,  57 ;  distance  between  nasal  apertures, 
42;  ear  from  meatus,  119;  greatest  breadth  of  ear,  91 ;  median  lengtli  of 
hoof  of  fore  foot,  41;  of  dew  claw,  41.5;  median  length  of  hoof  of  hind 
foot,  39;  of  dew  claw,  35. 

Skull. — The  skull  appears  to  l)e  that  of  a  nearly  full-grown  animal, 
doubtless  a  female,  and  is  even  smaller  than  the  type  specimen  as  indi- 
cated by  the  measurements.  Tlie  last  molars  are  just  erupted  and  unworn. 
They  are  not  so  narrowed  jiosteriorly  as  those  figured  by  Thomas,  but  are 
bluntly  rounded.  I'ollowing  are  the  measurements  of  this  skull,  with  the 
(M)rresponding  dimensions  of  the  type  in  parentheses:  Median  occi]iito- 
nasal  length,  325  mm.;  basal  length,  279  (325zb);  ))alatal  k'Ugtli,  1!«) 
(232);  greatest  lengtli  of  nasals,  1S2  (191  );  greatest  width  of  combined 
nasals  posteriorly,  4S  (42)  ;  greatest  width  between  postorbital  processes, 
10(5;  least  interorbital  width,  78  (88);  least  width  between  orl)it  and 
canines,  53;  widtii  at  vertex,  90;  orbit  to  tip  of  nasals,  213;  height  of 
muzzle  in  front  of  premolars,  (>5  (57);  least  breadtli  of  maxillary  zygo- 
matic processes  below  orbit,  39  (42);  least  vertical  breadth  of  zygomata 
behind  true  orbit,  34.5  (36);  palatal  width  between  posterior  ends  of  ni\ 
52;  mandible  from  condyle  to  tip  of  i',  277;  depth  of  jaw  at  diastema, 
42;  width  across  sockets  of  canines,  97  (98):  breadth  between  tijis  of 
canines,  163  (181);  greatest  diaineter  of  canines,  25  (24);  upper  molar 


Allen — The  West  African  Fored  Fig.  51 

row,  93;  ui^per  mular  row  from  in  front  of  p?7J^,  80(97)  ;  lower  molar  row, 
'89;  lower  molar  row  from  in  front  of  pm-i,  81  (99);  last  upper  molar,  32.5 
X  17  (42.3  X  17.5);  penultimate  upper  molar,  19  x  14.5;  last  lower  molar, 
37  X  16  (48.2  X  16);  penultimate  lower  molar,  21.5  x  12;  lower  dias- 
tema between  premolars  and  canine,  51 ;  between  lower  canine  and  inci- 
sor, 14. 

The  persistence  of  the  milk  pm*  in  the  upper  jaw  was  noted  by  Thomas 
in  his  specimen,  and  a  similar  condition  is  found  in  ours.  In  front  of  it 
are  pni',  p7)r\  while  wedged  between  them  on  both  sides  of  tlie  jaw  is  a 
minute  splint  evidently  representing  a  persistent  root  of  milk  jmv^. 

In  the  INIusee  du  Congo  at  Bruxelles  are  skins  and  skulls  of  a  young 
female,  a  semi-adult,  and  an  adult  male  Forest  Pig  from  the  Ituri  Forest  of 
Central  Africa,  which  have  been  made  the  subject  of  an  elaborate  mono- 
graph by  .Matschie.*  lie  figures  the  exterior  and  skulls  of  these  specimens 
and  considers  that  they  represent  a  species  distinct  from  the  two  before 
described,  which  he  therefore  names  Hylorhoerus  itnru'tisis.  It  is  appa- 
rently identical  iu  color  with  H.  rimntor  and  //.  meinertzltageni ,  but  accord- 
ing to  the  describer,  its  skull  shows  certain  peculiarities,  chief  of  which  are 
the  following:  (  1  )  the  salient  crest  from  foranieu  magnum  to  vertex  is 
much  less  marked  than  in  the  latter;  (2)  the  zygomata  are  less  bowed; 
(3)  the  nuchal  plane  at  the  i)Osterior  end  of  the  skull  is  deeper;  (4)  the 
occiput  is  not  directed  backward  so  much  as  iu  meinertzlingeni;  (5)  the 
canines  are  less  curved  at  the  ti))  and  more  pointed;  ((>)  the  angle  made 
by  the  frontals  witli  the  nasals  is  sliglitly  less;  (8)  the  height  of  the  lower 
jaw  at  the  diastema  is  less  than  the  least  widtli  of  tin,'  palate,  instead  of 
being  at  least  as  great  as  is  the  case  in  the  East  African  species. 

Professor  Matschie  believes  that  the  Ituri  Pig  can  not  be  H.  rhnator 
because  of  the  dimensions  of  the  last  upperand  lower  molars,  which  in  two 
adults  are  respectively  39.6  and  40.3  x  19;  and  42.5  and  43.5  x  16.  Thomas 
gives  for  the  type  of  rimator  42.3  x  17.5  and  48.2  x  1 7  for  these  dimensions, 
a  difference  not  very  great.  The  Ituri  Pig's  upper  molar  row  measures  in 
two  adults,  90,  91.5;  the  lower  molar  row,  83.3,  90.5;  those  of  our  speci- 
men are,  93  and  89  respectively.  ^Matschie  further  states  that  in  rhnator 
and  meinertzhageul  the  tubercles  of  7h''  forming  the  anterior  angles  of  the 
two  middle  triangles  do  not  touch,  whereas  in  ituriensis  they  are  in  con- 
tact. In  our  specimen  of  rimator  the.se  tubercles  are,  however,  in  close 
contact.  Ai>parently  ituriensis  is  more  nearly  allied  to  rimator  in  size 
and  cranial  characters  thau  to  rneincrlzliageni  and  it  uiay  be  questioned 
whether  the  characters  claimed  for  it  are  really  sufficient  to  warrant  its 
recognition.     At  least  it  can  be  hardly  more  than  subsiiecitically  distinct. 

That  the  terra  "  Ciiant  Pig"  api)lied  to  the.se  animals  is  a  misnomer  is 
now  well  recognized,  for  they  are  in  reality  not  remarkably  large,  though 
standing  fairly  big]  1.  Plujtographs  of  living  specimens  of  the  Fast  African 
melnertzhageni  have  recently  ajipeared  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Zoolog- 
ical Society  of  London,"  1908,  part  1,  p.  203,  and  in  "  Collier's  Weekly," 
1909  (article  by  A.  R.  Dugmore). 

•Matschie,  P.    Ann.  Miis.  du  Congo,  Hruxellcs,  1906,  Zool.  scr.  5,  p.  2:!,  pis.,'),  Ito. 


Vol.  XXIIl,  pp.  53-56  April  19,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


DIAGNOSES  OF  NEW  FORMS  OF  MICROPODIDJ^:  AND 

TROCHILID^. 

BY  robp:rt  ridgway. 

[By  permission  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. J 


Streptoprocne  zonaris  mexicana  subsp.  iiov. 

Type,  from  Rio  Seco,  near  Cordova,  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  No.  41,636, 
U.  S.  Xat.  Mus.     Adnlt  male.     January,  1866,  Prof.  F.  Sumichrast. 

Similar  to  S.  z.  albicincta  (Cabanis),  of  Co.sta  Rica  and  northern  South 
America,  but  averaging  larger,  general  coloration  decidedly  duller  (less 
bluish)  black,  and  forehead  always  distinctly  grayish  so(jty.  A(hilt  male 
(type):  Wing,  207.5  mm.;  tail,  83;  exposed  culmen,  10;  tarsus,  22.5; 
middle  toe,  15. 

Cheetura  richmondi  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  Guayabo,  eastern  Costa  Rica.  No.  209,570,  V.  S.  Nat.  INIus. 
Adult  female.     March  5,  1908.     ^Nluseum-Zeledon  P'xped. 

Similar  to  C.  gaumeri,  of  Yucatan,  but  larger  and  coloration  darker, 
the  pileum  and  back  more  nearly  black ;  spiny  tips  to  rectrices  longer, 
always  well  developed.  Adult  female  (type):  Wing,  115  mm. ;  tail,  37.5; 
exposed  culmen,  4.5;  tarsus,  10.5;  middle  toe,  8. 

Cypseloides  niger  jamaicensis  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Mayfield,  St.  Andrews,  Jamaica.  No.  78,205,  L'.  S.  Nat. 
]\Ius.     Adult  female.     June  25,  1879,  Edward  Newton. 

Similar  to  C.  n.  niger,  of  Santo  Domingo,  l)ut  much  darker  (especially 
the  adult  female),  the  upi)er  and  under  parts  sooty  black,  more  or  less 
distinctly  (but  not  conspicuously)  paler  or  more  grayish  sooty  on  chin, 
throat,  and  chest.  Adult  female  (type):  Wing,  149.5  mm.;  tail,  ()4.5; 
exposed  culmen,  5.5;  tarsus,  11.5;  middle  toe,  9.5. 

Cypseloides  niger  costaricensis  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica.  No.  108,275,  U.  S.  Nat.  IMus.  Adult 
male?    May  10,  1885,  Jose  C.  Zeledon. 

Similar  to  C.  n.  borealis,  of  western  North  America,  l>ut  smaller  and 
decidedly  darker,  the  adult  female  with  feathers  of  abdomen  and  Hanks 

n— Pruc.  Biol.  Sue.  Wash.,  Vol..  XXIJI,  1'.)1U.  (aU) 


54       Ridgway — New  Forms  of  MicroporUdx  and  Trorhilidve. 

usually  more  broadly  tipped  with  white;  adult  male  s^imilar  to  that  of 
C.  71.  jnmaicensis,  but  wing  averaging  longer  and  tail  decidedly  shorter, 
and  general  color  of  head  and  neck  decidedly  more  grayish.  Adult  male? 
(type):  Wing,  15.")  nun.;  tail,  ">7;  exi)()sed  culinen,  fl;  tarsus,  12;  mid- 
dle toe,  9. 

Phoethornis  longirostris  veraecrucis  .subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Buena  Vista,  Vera  Cruz,  southeastern  Mexico.  No.  177,330, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.     Adult  male.     May  23,  1901,  A.  E.  Colburn. 

Similar  to  P.  I.  mexicanus  (of  southwestern  Mexico)  in  white  (instead 
of  buff)  terminal  margins  to  lateral  rectrices,  but  much  smaller,  and  paler 
in  coloration.  Adult  male:  Wing,  t)0-65.5  ((i2.9)  mm.;  tail,  65-70 
(67.9);  culmen,  39-42.5  (40.3).* 

Phoethornis  adolphi  saturatus  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  El  Hogar,  Costa  Rica.  No.  26,741,  coll.  Carnegie  Museum. 
Adult  male.     December  19,  1VI05,  M.  A.  Carriker,  Jr. 

Similar  to  P.  a.  adolphi  (from  southern  Mexico),  but  adult  male  decid- 
edly darker,  especially  chin,  throat  and  chest,  the  first  being  distinctly 
dusky. 

(Tuateniala  to  Panama.  ((Tuatemalan  sjjecimens  are  intermediate,  but 
seem  to  be  more  like  those  from  Costa  Rica  than  like  those  from  Mexico.) 

Hupherusa  eximia  nelsoni  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Motzorongo,  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  No.  155,363,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  (Biological  Survey  Coll.)  Adult  male.  February  28,  1894,  Nelson 
and  Goldman. 

Similar  to  E.  e.  eximia,  but  larger,  especially  the  bill;  green  of  under- 
parts  more  yellowish,  and  l)luck  tip  to  lateral  rectrices  with  line  of  de- 
marcation against  the  basal  white  decidedly  (iliiique  and  nmch  less  .sharply 
defined. 

Adult  male.— \A'ngth,  93-1U3  (98)  mm.;  wing,  ()U.5-(1]  ((JO.7);  tail,;!4- 
35.5  (34.7);  culmen,  18.5-1*)  (18. 7). t 

Amizilis  bangsi  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  Volcan  de  Miravallcs,  northwestern  Costa  Rica.  No.  16, 682, 
coll.E.  A.  and  ().  Bangs.  .Vdult  male.  Septend)er  7,  1895,  C.  F.  Under- 
wood. 

Similar  to  A.  cinnamomea  cinnamomea,  but  whole  side  of  neck,  includ- 
ing lateral  portions  of  lower  throat,  metallic  greenish  bronze  or  bronze- 
green  instead  of  light  cinnamon-rufous. 


•Adult  males  of  P.  I.  mexicanus  measure  as  follows:  Wing,  67-69.5  (68.1) ;  tail.  83-87 
(84.(1) ;  culmen,  45.JV-47  (40.1). 

tTwo  s|)e<'inioiis.  The  corn'spoiidiiiK  iiicasuriMiiciits  of  asorios  of  eleven  adult  males 
of  K.  e.  eximia  (ten  from  (iiiateiiiala,  one  from  Nicai'aKua)  are  as  follows:  Length,  S4-9o 
(S<i) ;  wing,  r)0.r>-Cl  (r)8.7);  tail,  :i'J..')-:j|.rj  (3:j.r.)  ;  eulmen,  IC-lK  (17. (J). 


Ridgway — New  Forms  of  Micropodidae  and  Trochilidae.       55 


Anthracothorax  prevosti  gracilirostris  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Bolson,  Costa  Rica.  No.  22,62i),  coll.  E.  A.  and  O.  Bangs. 
Adult  male.     December  16,  1907,  C.  F.  Underwood. 

Differing  from  A .  p.  prevosti  in  decidedly  shorter  and  more  slender  bill, 
less  bronzy  or  golden  green  upper  parts,  and  darker  under  tail-coverts; 
from  A.  p.  hendersoui  in  more  slender  bill  and  very  much  less  bronzy 
color  of  upper  parts  and  lateral  under  parts. 

Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua. 

Average  measurements  of  the  three  forms  are  as  follows: 

Males. 


A.  p.  prevosti  (24  specimens) 
A. 'p.  gracilirostris  (9 specimens) 
A.  p.  hendersoni  (4  specimens) 


66 

35.6 

65.9 

35.3 

67 

36.7 

26.2 
24.4 
22.9 


Females. 


A .  p.  prevosti  ( 15  specimens )  .  . 
A.  p.  gracilirostris  { 10  specimens) 
A.  p.  hendersoni  (2  specimens) 


64.7 

34.3 

65.2 

35.4 

66.2 

35 

28.1 
25.4 


Florisuga  mellivora  tobagensis  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Tobago.  No.  74,908,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  Adult  male.  F.  A. 
Ober. 

Similar  to  F.  m.  mellivora,  but  decidedly  larger. 
Measurements  of  type. — Wing,  70.5;  tail,  38.5  mm. 

Nesophlox  gen.  nov.  iTrocliiiidn). 

Type.- — Trochilus  evelynte  Bourcier. 

Similar  to  CalliphJo.v  Boie,  l)ut  wing  relatively  much  larger,  with  outer- 
most primary  not  attenuated  terminally;  adult  males  with  lateral  rectrices 
broadly  edged  with  rufous  on  inner  webs,  and  adult  females  with  tail  more 
than  half  as  long  as  wing. 

(v^ffos,  island;   ^X6?,  aflame.) 
Species : 

Nesophlox  evelyuie  (Bourcier). 
Nesophlo.c  lyrura  (Gould). 
Nesophlox  bryantif  (Lawrence). 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  57-60  April  19,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THF, 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY   OF  WASHINGTON 


THE  GENERIC  NAME  OF  THE  H0U8E-RATS.I^  *■ 
BY  GERRIT  S.  MILLER,  JR. 


The  generic  name  Mus,  is  currently  applied  to  lioth  house-mice 
and  house-rats,  as  well  as  to  an  assemblage  of  rat-like  species 
comprising  perhaps  the  greater  part  of  the  sub-family  Murinae. 
This  arrangement  involves  many  inconsistencies,  the  most  glar- 
ing of  which  is  probably  the  close  association  of  the  house-mice 
with  the  rats.  The  two  groui)s  are  in  fact  generically  distinct, 
the  rats  retaining  a  primitive  type  of  dentition,  in  which  the 
anterior  molar  shows  no  tendency  to  assume  the  chief  function 
of  the  toothrow,  and  the  posterior  molar  remains  a  large,  func- 
tionally important  tooth,  while  the  house-mice  and  their  allies 
have  a  highly  specialized  toothrow  in  which  the  first  molar  is  of 
much  more  mechanical  importance  than  the  other  teeth  com- 
bined, and  the  third  tooth  is  greatly  reduced.  The  incisors  in 
the  house-mouse  group  are  also  noticeably  specialized .  With  the 
house-mice  and  their  European  and  Central-Asiatic  allies  must 
be  associated  the  Indian  and  African  group  commonly  known  as 
Leggcula,  the  main  peculiarities  of  which  are  precisely  the  same. 
In  its  most  extreme  deye\o\')ment  Leggadn  differs  fi-om  the  house- 
mice  in  the  more  pronounced  reduction  of  the  hinder  molar  and 
in  the  further  enlargement  of  »?'  by  the  addition  of  a  supple- 
mental anterioi"  transverse  enamel  ridge;  but  on  taking  into 
consideration  the  numerous  recently  described  species  it  seems 
impracticable  to  retain  tiie  two  groups  as  distinct  genera. 

The  type  of  the  Linna^an  genus  M^s  is  by  tautonymy  muscidus, 
since  this  is  the  only  inclujiled  species  "  possessing  the  generic 
name  as  *  *  *  [a]  synonym."*  This  name  must  therefore  be 
restricted  to  the  house-mouse-Le^p'ac/a  group. 

*  International  Code,  article  30. 

12— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash..  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (57) 


58  Miller — The  Generic  Nawe  of  the  House-Rats. 

In  determining  the  generic  name  of  the  rats,  as  typified  by 
the  species  norvegicus  and  rattus,  and  without,  for  the  present, 
attempting  to  fix  any  exact  limit  for  the  group,  it  is  necessary 
to  consider  the  genera  ^'"a??</io?7i.vs Lesson,  Eiichaetomys  Fitziuger , 
and  £5o?"?n?/s  Trouessart,  each  of  which  as  originally  defined  con- 
tained species  related  to  the  house-rat.* 

Acanthomys  was  proposedt  as  a  subgenus  of  Mus  to  contain  the 
species  retifer,  aJexaivhinvs,  perchal,  platj/thrix  and  hispixlus.^  No 
type  was  designated  nor  has  one  been  selected  by  a  subsequent 
reviser.  As  the  name  has,  however,  generally  been  placed  in 
the  synonymy  of  Acomysl.  Geoffroy,  it  may  be  allowed  to  remain 
there,  with  the  species  hispidus  as  type. 

Fitzingerl  united  under  the  generic  name  Evrhsetomys  the  fol- 
lowing species:  palmarum,  novaras,  retifer,  perchnl,  kok,  harduickii, 
rufescens,  ellioti,  lepidiis,  vittatus,  pumilio,  pardideus,  zebra  and 
donovani.  No  type  was  designated  and  none  has  been  selected. 
Since  the  description  indicates  that  the  group  was  primarily 
intended  to  contain  the  coarse-furred  species,  as  distinguished 
from  the  true  rats  (Rattus)  on  the  one  hand  and  the  spiny  rats 
(Acoinys)  on  the  other,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  referring  it  to 
the  synonomy  of  Nesokia  Gray,  1842,  and  in  choosing  the 
species  hardwickii  as  the  type. 

In  1881  Trouessart§  formed  the  subgenus  Epimys  for  the  true 
rats  including  both  rattus  and  norvegicus.  He  designated  no  type 
and  none  has  since  been  selected.  As  this  group  exactly  coin- 
cides with  the  genus  now  under  consideration  the  name  should 
be  adopted  for  the  rats  congeneric  with  Mus  rattus  Linna?us,  the 
species  which  1  choose  as  type. 

The  synonymy  and  characters  of  the  genera  Epimys  and  Mus  are 
briefly  as  follows : 

Genus  EPIIMYS  Trouessart. 

18()7.  Rattus  Fitziiifjer,  Sitzung^bor.  ]Math.-Xatur\viss.  CI.  k.  Akad. 
Wist^ensch.  Wien,  LVI,  pt.  II,  p.  63  (type  bj' tautonomy  Rattxi^ 
domesticHH  Fitzinger  =  Mus  rattus  Liniifeu?)  not  Rattus  Donovan, 
1827. 


•  Rattus  Fitzinger,  Sitzungsber,  Miitli.-Naturwiss.  CI.  k.  Alcad.  Wissensch,  Wien,  LVI, 
pt.  n,  p.  6:5.  type  by  taiitoiioniy  Mun  rattus  is  antcAteri  Iiy  Rattus  Donovan,  1S27,  applied 
to  a  South  .\frican  striped  rat.     Rattus  Frisch,  1775,  has  no  status  in  nomenclature. 

+  Xouv.  Tabl.  KeRue  Aniin.  .Manini.  p.  13.').     1S42. 

t  SitzunRsber,  Math.-Naturwiss,  ('1.  k.  Ahad.  Wis.senseh.  Wein,  L\'I,  pi.  II,  p.  73.  1867. 

$Bull.  Soc.  d'Etudes  Set.  d'Anpers,  X.  p.  117.    issi. 


Miller — The  Generic  Name  of  the  Hovse-Rats.  59 

1881.  Epimys  Trouessart,  Bull.  Soc.  d'Etudes  Sci.  d' Angers?,  X,  p.  117 
(type  by  subsequent  designation  Mufi  rattus  Linnseus). 
External  form,  skull  and  teeth  with  no  special  modifications;  molars 
slightly  graduated  in  size  from  first  to  third,  the  anterior  tooth  not  tending 
to  assume  the  main  function  of  the  toothrow,  the  posterior  tooth  not  tend- 
ing to  disappear,  enamel  folding  of  upper  molars  directly  referable  to  a 
simple  9-cusped  pattern  and  its  reductions,  the  outer  margin  of  m'  and  m'^ 
never  with  more  than  three  cusps,  the  inner  margin  of  same  teeth  never 
with  more  than  2  cusps;  m^  usiially  with  5  roots,  its  first  lamina  not  dis- 
torted by  the  backward  displacement  of  antero-internal  tubercle ;  upper 
incisor  moderately  compressed,  set  at  such  an  angle  that  its  outer  side  is 
worn  smoothly  away  by  action  of  lower  tooth. 

Genus  MUS  Linn?eus. 

1758.  Mas  Linnteus,  8yst.  Nat.,  I,  10th  ed.,  p.  59  (musculus).     Part. 

1814.  Musculus  Rafinesque,  Precis  des  Decouv.  Somiologiques,  p.  13  (sub- 
stitute for  Mns). 

1837.  Leggada  Gray,  Charlesworth's  ^lag.  Nat.  Hist.,  I,  p.  586.  Novem- 
ber, 1837  (  L.  booduga  Gray  and  Mus  platythrix  Bennett). 

1844.  Drymomys  Tschudi,  Fauna  Peruana,  p.  178  (D.  parvulus  Tschudi 
=  Mus  musculus  Linnaeus.  See  Palmer,  Index  Gen.  Mamm.,  p. 
246). 

1876.  Nannomys  Peters,  Monatsber.  k.  preuss.  Akad.  AVissensch.  Berlin, 
p.  480,  August,  1876  {N.  sctulosus  Peters). 

1881.  .Icromys  Trouessart,  Bull.  Soc.  d'Etudes  Sci.  d'Angers,  X,  p.  133 
(synonym  of  Drymomys  wrongly  attributed  to  Wagner.  See 
Palmer,  Index  Gen.  Mamm.,  p.  246). 

1896.  Pseudoconomys  Rhoads,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Philadelphia,  p. 
531 ,  December  8,  1896.  Mus  ( Pseudaconnmys )  proconodon  Rhoads. 

1900.  Dryomys  Philippi,  An.  Mus.  Nac.  de  Chile,  XIV,  p.  20  (modifica- 
tion of  Drymomys  Tschudi). 

• 

In  general  like  Ejrimys  but  mechanical  scheme  of  molars  modified  by 
the  elongation  of  crown  of  anterior  tooth  until  it  forms  the  main  portion 
of  toothrow ;  7n}  with  three  roots,  its  crown  decidedly  longer  than  those 
of  the  two  succeeding  teeth  combined,  its  first  lamina  much  distorted  by 
displacement  backward  of  inner  tubercle  into  line  with  outer  and  middle 
tubercles  of  second  lamina;  nv^  small  and  tending  to  disappear,  in  some 
species  without  trace  of  first  lamina;  upper  incisor  much  compressed,  set 
at  such  an  angle  that  a  subapical  notch  is  normally  cut  in  its  outer  side 
by  action  of  lower  tooth. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp   61-64  April  19,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


THE  SCALES  OF  THE  CLUPEID  FISHES. 
BY  T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


The  scales  of  an  ordinary  Clupeid  are  very  thin,  more  or  less 
circular,  and  very  finely  sculptured.  In  Alosa  sapidissima  they 
vary  from  longitudinally  to  transversely  oval  on  different  jmrts 
of  the  same  fish,  while  the  larger  and  best  developed  scales 
(about  16  mm.  each  way)  are  subquadrate.  A  closer  examina- 
tion of  the  scales  of  A.  sapidissima  shuws  the  following  features: 
Apical  field  sharply  separated  from  the  rest,  much  broader  than 
long,  without  circuli,  bvit  with  very  numerous  (2^-3  in  a  mm.) 
delicate  radii  or  grooves,  which  scallop  the  apical  margin,  and 
have  between  them  on  that  margin  a  series  of  low  lobes  or 
angles,  making  the  scale  obscurely  ctenoid;  these  lobules  or 
denticulations  can  also  be  seen  more  or  less  clearly  repeated 
once  or  twice  in  the  submarginal  area,  marking  periods  of 
cessation  of  growth,  and  indicating  the  process  whereby  the 
rows  of  spines  in  the  apical  field  of  a  Beryx  scale  are  formed. 
Delicate  lines  of  growth  can  be  seen  also  in  the  other  parts  of 
the  scale,  but  they  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  circuli,  wbich 
exist  as  exceedingly  fine  lines  (about  six  in  170  ,'0  all  over  the 
scale  except  in  the  apical  field.  These  circuli  are  transverse  in 
the  middle  and  reach  the  lateral  margins  very  obliquely.  The 
basal  region  of  the  scale  is  inclined  to  be  thrown  into  three 
radiating  folds,  suggesting  a  slight  approach  to  the  basal  radii 
of  the  Percoids,  etc.,  but  these  folds  are  not  marked  by  any 
signs  of  radii. 

The  most  striking  feature  of  the  scale  remains  to  be  men- 
tioned. Everywhere  except  in  the  apical  field,  at  variable 
intervals  averaging  perhaps  half  a  mm.,  there  are  grooved  lines 
crossing  the  scale,  approximately  following  the  circuli,  bent  on 
the  elevations  between  the  basal  grooves  or  folds,  and  curving 

13— Pruu.  Bioi..  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII.  I'JIO.  (61) 


62  Cocker  ell — The  Scales  of  the  Clupeid  Fishes. 

upwards  to  reach  the  margin  at  an  acute  angle.  At  first  sight 
the  nature  of  these  structures  seems  wholly  ohscure,  but  in  a 
longitudinally  oval  scale,  probably  from  the  caudal  peduncle, 
it  is  seen  that  they  pass  gradually  into  apical  radii.  The  first 
stage  of  modification  is  that  in  which  the  apical  radii  on  each 
side  of  the  middle  become  elbowed  or  curved  at  the  base,  form- 
ing a  sort  of  J.  In  Catostomus  the  basal  radii  show  this  condi- 
tion, and  the  tendency  is  for  the  curved  part  of  tlie  J  to 
disappear,  leaving  radii  which  no  longer  point  to  the  nuclear 
area.  In  Alosa  this  curving  of  the  apical  radii  continues  until 
a  U  rather  than  a  J  is  formed,  one  arm  of  the  U  now  pointing 
apicad  to  the  nuclear  area.  Then  the  inner  arm  loses  all  con- 
nection with  the  nucleus,  and  those  of  opposite  sides  uieet  at 
an  acute  angle,  forming  a  sort  of  reversed  V.  From  this  it  is 
a  comparatively  short  step  to  a  single  line  running  transversely 
across  the  scale.  All  this  is  complicated,  especially  in  some 
scales,  by  various  degrees  of  anastomosis,  and  the  frequent 
disappearance  of  the  inner  part  of  tlic  line.  Nevertheless,  by 
taking  different  scales  from  a  single  example  of  the  Alosa,  it  is 
possible  to  demonstrate  every  transition  from  apical  I'adii  to 
transverse  lines  below  the  nuclear  area;  the  conclusion  being 
that  these  lines,  which  I  have  found  only  in  Clupeidte,  are 
really  greatly  modified  apical  radii.  Dr.  Evermann  kindly 
sent  me  some  scales  of  very  young  Alosa  sapldlssima  from  the 
fish  ponds  at  Washington,  D.  C.  These  scales,  only  about  2 
mm.  diameter,  do  not  look  like  those  of  the  adult,  but  they 
correspond  exactly  with  tlu-  nuclear  region  of  the  latter.  They 
show  a  strongly  differentiated  sculptureless  apical  li<ld  ;  the  rest 
of  the  scale  is  covered  l)y  very  fine  whoUy  transverse  circuli,  and 
exhibits  two  or  three  of  the  lines  representing  modified  radii, 
which  are  transverse,  more  or  less  bent  apicad  and  obtusely 
angled  in  the  middle.  Thus  the  young  scale  does  not  throw 
any  light  on  its  evolution,  and  is,  taken  by  itself,  much  more 
difficult  to  interpret  than  that  of  the  adult.  I  am  indebted  to 
Dr.  B.  W.  Evermann  and  Dr.  S.  Graenicher  for  other  Clupeid 
scales,  which  all  possess  the  same  essential  features  as  those  of 
Alosa.     They  may  be  described  as  follows: 

(1.)  Clupea  hareiKjus  L.     Sandy  Island.     Scalus  about  8  mm.  long  and 
73'3  broad;   strncture  as  in  .l/uaa,  tht' ai)ie'al  radii  feeble,  the  trans- 


Cockerell — The  Scales  of  the  Clupeid  Fishes.  63 

verse  circuli  reacliiug  tlie  margin  at  a  larger  angle,  the  transverse 
radii  (if  thej'  may  be  so  called)  essentially  as  in  Alosa.  There  is 
no  generic  difference  from  Alosa  in  sqiiamation. 

(2.)  Sardim'Ua  hioiwralls  C.  ik  V.  Tampa,  Fla,  ( ^Milwaukee  Museum). 
Scales  about  4  mm.  broad  and  I'  long,  with  evident  laterobasal 
angles.  Scale  formed  and  sculi)tnred  as  in  young  Alosa,  except 
for  its  much  greater  brea<lth,  and  some  crenulation  of  the  very 
thin  apical  margin,  with  rudimentary  radii.  There  are  three 
transverse  radii,  but  the  third  presents  only  its  middle  part, 
running  into  the  margin  where  it  is  concave.  The  circuli  are 
strictly  transverse,  most  n'aching  the  margin  practically  at  a  right 
angle.  If  these  scales  are  not  immature,  they  at  any  rate  repre- 
sent a  stage  corresponding  witli  immature  Alosa,  but  not  in  any 
sense  jirimitive. 

{?>.)  Pomolohus  pseudohareiigus  (Wilson)  and  P.  tvstiralis  (Mitch.)  both 
from  six  miles  otl"  Liverpool,  X.  S.  Large  yellowish  scales,  10  or 
11  nnn.  broad,  but  those  of  P.  pseudoharengus  more  transverse, 
evidently  broader  than  long,  those  of  P.  wstivalis  about  as  broad 
as  long.  The  markings  are  quite  the  same,  and  of  the  Alosa  pat- 
tern; corresjxinding,  however,  to  a  rather  immature  stage  of  Alosa. 

(4.)  Pomolohus  pseudoharevyus  (Wilson).  Lake  Ontario,  IMonroe  Co., 
N.  Y.  Colorless  scales  little  more  than  4  nnn.  broad,  evidently 
immature.  I  do  not  know  any  way  to  distinguish  them  from 
young  scales  of  Alosa. 

Thus  the  Clupeid  scales  so  far  examined  are  exceedingly  uniform,  and 
exceedingly  distinct  from  all  others  I  have  seen.  I  have  also  examined 
Knightia  eocana  Jordan,  from  the  Eocene  of  Green  River,  Wyoming.  In 
this  the  scales  are  large  and  very  l)road,  an<l  show  the  characteristic 
transverse  circuli  very  well.  I  can  not  make  out  any  radii,  transverse  or 
otherwise,  but  the  thin  edges  of  the  scale  are  not  preserved.  Meletta 
sardinites  Heckel,  a  fossil  species  from  Radoboj,  is  figured  as  having  the 
scales  with  three  or  four  very  strong  apical  radii,  and  the  same  basal. 
This  can  not  be  a  Meletta  (i.  e.  Pomolohus)  or  a  Clupea;  it  has  no  resem- 
blance to  any  Clupeid  known  to  me. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  65-66  April  19,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


A  NEW  BIRD  FROM  THE  ISLAND  OF  CERAM, 

MOLUCCAS.  \<;V 

BY  F.  MUIR  AND  J.  C.  KERSHAW. 


While  collecting  in  the  Dutch  East  Indies  a  new  Pitta  was 
captured  whicli  may  be  known  as 

Pitta  piroensis  sp.  nov. 

Type. — All  adult  male  from  Piroe,  Ceram,  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology,  Cat.  No.  49,997,  collected  by  the  authors,  March  2,  1909. 

Description. — Forehead  and  upper  part  of  head  and  neck  dark  red- 
brown,  the  crown  divided  by  an  obscure  median  bluish  stripe:  a  large 
sub-quadrangular  scarlet  nuchal  patch.  Throat  dark  brown,  shading  into 
black  on  upper  jiart  of  l>reast.  Ear  coverts  and  lower  part  of  breast 
silvery  blue-gray.  Back  and  scapulars  dark  olive  green.  Tail  and  upper 
tail  coverts  grayisli-blue.  Bend  of  wing  nearly  black,  feathers  lighter 
round  edge ;  lesser  coverts  blue-gray,  the  feathers  dark  brown  at  base ; 
greater  coverts  very  dark  brown,  edged  and  tipped  with  dark  blue-gray. 
Primaries  nearly  black,  the  2d,  3d,  4th  and  5tli  witli  a  white  speculum 
marking,  but  only  the  4th  and  oth  have  the  white  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
outer  web.  Under  wing-coverts  dark  bluish  gray.  Belly,  A'ent  and  under 
tail-coverts  scarlet.  Eyes  brown ;  bill  black ;  legs  and  feet  pale  lead 
color;  claws  brownish;  soles  of  feet  ochreous.  Total  length,  6j^  in. ; 
wing,  3%  in. ;  tail,  1%  in. ;  bill  (to  gape),  1  in. ;  tarsus,  1^  in. 

This  species  differs  from  P.  rubrinucha  "Wallace,  in  its  slightly  smaller 
size,  its  silvery  blue-gray  ear-coverts,  in  the  absence  of  the  black  line 
separating  the  silvery  blue-gray  of  the  breast  from  the  scarlet  belly,  in 
the  absence  of  a  white  shoulder  spot,  and  in  the  different  marking  of  the 
white  speculum  spot  on  the  primaries. 


14— Pnoc.  BroL.  Soc.  Wash..  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (G5) 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp   67-70  May  4,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


UNRECORDED  SPECIMENS   OF  TWO  RARE  HAWAIIAN 

BIRDS. 

BY  OUTRAM  BANGS. 


Lately  while  arranging  the  skins  of  Acridocercus  nobilis  in  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  I  discovered  among  them  a 
fine  example  of  the  long  ago  extinct  Acridocercus  apicalis  (Gould) 
of  Oahu  Island. 

This  specimen  came  to  the  museum  in  exchange  from  Brown 
University  and  had  formerly  helonged  to  John  Cassin.  It  bears 
a  label  in  Casshi's  liand  with  the  inscription,  "Sandwich  Isld. 
J.  K.  Townsend  male,"  and  was  without  doubt  collected  by 
Townsend  during  his  visit  to  Oahu  in  1835.  The  skin,  No. 
17,598,  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  is  that  of  a  fine  adult 
male  and  although  made  seventy-five  years  ago  is  in  perfect 
preservation,  except  tiiat  its  feet  and  legs  have,  at  some  time, 
been  somewhat  eaten  by  insects. 

Wilson  and  Evans  in  their  Aves  Hawaiiensis,  1890-1899 
(p.  '  103  " — the  work  is  not  paged)  mention  five  specimens, 
all  that  were  known  to  them,  of  A.  apicalis — three  in  the  British 
Museum,  one  of  which  went  by  exchange  to  Rothschild's  Tring 
Museum,  and  a  pair  collected  by  Deppe  which  are  in  Vienna. 

Rothschild,  Extinct  Birds  1907,  p.  27,  enumerates  the  same 
five  specimens,  but  says  that  Deppe's  skins  are  in  Berlin. 

Ours  makes  the  sixth  known  example  of  A.  apical i><,  wliich 
is  believed  to  have  been  confined  to  Oahu  and  which  has  not 
been  seen  alive  by  a  naturalist  since  1837. 

It  is  the  only  one  in  America,  Dr.  Chas.  \V.  Richmond  in- 
forming me  that  the  United  States  National  Museum  docs  not 
possess  any,  and  Mr.  Witnicr  Stone  says  that  there  is  none  in 

15— Pkoc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  I'.tlo.  (07) 


68      Bangs — Unrecorded  Specimens  of  Two  Hawaiian  Birds. 

the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia,  although  that 
institution  had  most  of  Cassin's  Collection  of  hirds. 

In  the  JNIuseum  of  Comparative  Zoology  there  is  also  a  fine 
pair  of  Ciridops  anna  (Dole),  one  of  the  very  rarest  of  Hawaiian 
birds  and  certainly  one  of  the  most  beautiful. 

The  exact  origin  of  these  skins,  of  excellent  make  and  in 
perfect  preservation,  I  have  been  unal^le  to  learn.  They  came 
to  the  museum  with  a  few  other  Hawaiian  birds — six  skins  of 
Acrulocercus  nobilis  and  several  petrels  and  terns — and  were 
catalogued  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  in  1870;  names  for  none  but  the 
Moheo  being  written  on  the  labels  or  in  the  register  l)y  that 
naturalist. 

Ciridops  anna  was  described  by  Judge  Dole  in  1879  and  is 
supposed  to  be,  or  perhaps  better  to  have  been,  confined  to  the 
island  of  Hawaii.  It  was,  until  I  unearthed  our  two  skins, 
known  by  three  male  specimens  only,  one  now  in  the  Bishop 
Museum  and  two  in  Rothschild's  Museum  at  Tring.  The 
female  and  young  male  were  unknown. 

Our  male,  Xo.  10,995,  is  in  full  plumage  and  very  closely 
matches  the  exquisite  plate  in  \Mlson  and  Evans,  Aves 
Hawaiiensis. 

Our  other  specimen,  No.  10,987, 1  take  to  be  an  adult  female. 
Though  a  little  smaller,  it  is  exactly  similar  in  proportions  to 
the  male,  but  is  wholly  different  in  color.  It  may  be  described 
as  follows — 

Forehead  clothed  in  stiffened,  pointed,  semi-erect  feathers  as 
in  the  adult  male.  Top  of  head,  nape,  and  sides  of  head 
cinnamon  washed  with  dull  olive-yellow  on  forehead  and  with 
the  lores  and  a  narrow  frontal  band  more  dusky;  cheeks  with 
paler  shaft-stripes  to  the  feathers;  lower  back  grayish  cinnamon, 
gradually  passing  into  the  purer  color  of  the  head;  rump  and 
upper  tail  coverts  olive-yellow;  tail  dusky,  fringed  with  olive- 
yellow;  j)rimaries  blackish,  narrowly  edged  with  dark  olive- 
yellow;  secondaries  more  broadly  edged  with  the  same,  the 
innermost  nearly  wholly  dark  olive-yellow;  throat  dull  cin- 
namon, the  feathers  with  paler  shaft  stripes,  slightly  washed 
with  yellow-olive  in  lower  middle;  chest  and  breast  dingy- 
smoke-gray,  somewhat  washed  with  olive,  gradually  passing 
into  dark  olive-yellow  on  belly;  under  wing  coverts,  axillars, 
under  tail   coverts  and  a  small   ])atch   in   lower    middle  belly 


Bangs— Unrecorded  Specimens  of  Ttvo  Haivaiian  Birds.      69 

dilute  rufous-cinnamon.  The  general  pattern  thus  resembles 
that  of  the  adult  male,  though  the  colors  themselves  are  very- 
different.  Our  two  skins  afford  the  following  measurements 
(ill  mm.): 


No. 

Sex. 

Wing. 

Tail. 

Tarsus. 

C'ulmen 

10995 

( c?  ad. ) 

80 

44 

22 

11 

10987 

(9   ad.) 

73.5 

41 

21 

10 

Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  71-76  May  4,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


NEW  OR  RARE  BIRDS  FROM  WESTERN  COLOMBIA.   '\^/    ^ 

BY  OUTRAM  BANGS. 


The  birds  mentioned  below  were  contained  in  a  second  collec- 
tion* from  western  Colombia  made  by  Mervyn  G.  Palmer, 
which  I  received  from  Mr.  W.  F.  H.  Rosenberg  last  summer 
but  only  just  now  have  had  time  to  touch.  The  region  Mr. 
Palmer  has  been  working  in  is  a  very  rich  one,  and  both  collec- 
tions sent  me  by  Mr.  Rosenberg  have  fairly  astonished  me  in 
the  numbers  of  rare  and  new  forms  they  contained. 

Following  are  short  descriptions  of  the  new  forms  in  the 
present  collection,  and  mention  of  a  few  other  species  where 
ranges  are  extended  or  the  record  is  apparently  worth  pub- 
lishing. 

Botaurus  pinnatus  (Wagler). 

Two  specimens,  c?  and  Q  ,  taken  at  Guabinas,  Rio  Canca,  January  10, 
1908.  This  bittern  seems  to  be  very  rare  in  South  America  north  of 
Guiana,  though  it  has  been  taken  in  Nicaragua. 

Odontophorus  baliolus  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  Naranjito,  Rio  Dagua,  western  Colombia.  Adult  9  ,  No. 
28,482,  Bangs  collection,  ]Museuni  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Collected 
June  20,  1908,  by  M.  G.  Palmer. 

Characters. — Somewhat  similar  to  0.  parambx  Rothschild  of  western 
Ecuador,  but  very  much  darker;  upper  parts  nearly  solid  blackish-brown, 
only  very  slightly  peppered  and  marked  with  paler  (very  diflerent  from 
tiie  mottled  upper  parts  of  0.  pammb.-e);  under  parts  deep  chestnut, 
much  darker  than  in  0.  paramhie;  black  of  chin  and  upper  throat  bor- 
dered al)o\e  by  a  white  strijie  (not  present  in  0.  parambic). 

Meamrnnents.—T^\^e,ai\w\i    9,  wing,  132;    tail,  48;    tarsus,  36;    cul- 

men,  18. 

*  In  July,  1908,  in  these  Proceedings,  I  published  a  short  paper  on  the  first  lot  sent 
me  from  this  source  by  Mr.  Rosenberg. 

16— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (71) 


72         Bangs — New  or  Bare  Birds  from  Western  Colombia. 

Syrnium  nigrolineatum  nigrolineatum  Sclater. 

One  adult  9  ,  La  Maria,  Dagua  Valley,  May  26,  1908.  This  skin  is  an 
exact  match  for  several  Chiriqui  specimens,  and  the  form  thus  ranges 
into  western  Colombia,  while  in  the  Bogota  region  Syrnium  nigrolineatum 
spUonotum  Sharpe  takes  its  place. 

Picumnus  canus  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  Naranjito,  Rio  Dagua,  western  Colombia.  Adult  9  ,  No. 
23,434,  Bangs  collection,  INIuseum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Collected 
June  20,  1908,  by  M.  G.  Palmer. 

Characters. — Similar  to  P.  olivaceus  I^afr.  in  jiattern,  but  slightly 
larger  and  of  a  very  different  color,  being  whitish  and  gray  instead  of 
olive  and  greenish. 

Top  of  head  black  with  small  white  spots;  rest  of  upper  parts  dull 
smoke  gray,  wings  somewhat  edged  with  yellowish-white ;  belly  dull  white, 
faintly  striped  with  dusky;  chest  dull  grayish,  passing  into  whitish-gray 
on  tliroat;  sides  slightly  tinged  with  pale  yellowish. 

Measurements. — Type,  adult  9?  "\ving,  56;  tail,  29.5;  tarsus,  12.5;  cul- 
men,  12. 

Threnetes  fraseri  (Gould). 

A  fine  adult,  sex  not  determined,  of  this  Ecuadorian  species  was  taken 
at  Naranjito,  Rio  Dagua,  June  22,  1908. 

Xiphorhynchus  rosenbergi*  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  Guabinas,  Rio  Cauca,  western  Colombia.  Adult  d^.  No. 
23,436,  Bangs  collection,  INIuseum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Collected 
January  9,  1908,  by  M.  G.  Palmer. 

Characters. — Nearest  to  X.  chunchotambo  (Tschudi),  of  which  it  may 
be  a  subspecies,  but  with  a  much  heavier  bill;  under  parts  jialer;  throat 
more  bufTy,  and  striping  of  chest  heavier.  From  A',  nana  (Lawr. ),  which 
it  somewhat  resembles  in  general  coloration,  the  new  form  can  at  once 
be  told  by  having  the  middle  of  back  distinctly  marked  with  pale  shaft 
lines  bordered  by  black,  by  the  striping  of  the  cliest  being  wider,  the 
stripes  more  distinctly  bordered  by  black,  and  by  the  belly  being  less 
indistinctly  striped. 

Measurements. — Type,  adult  cJ*,  wing,  108;  tail,  97.5;  tarsus,  23;  cul- 
men,  36. 

Rhopoctites  alogus  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  near  Pavas,  west  slope  of  Colombia,  at  4,400  feet  altitude. 
Adult  c?*.  No.  23,438,  Bangs  collection.  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology. 
Collected  February  8,  1908,  l)y  M.  ii.  Palmer. 

Characters. — Somewhat  similar  to  R.  rtifibrunneus  (Lawr.)  of  Costa 
Rica  and  Panama,  but  larger;  bill  both  longer  and  stouter;  colors  above 

•  Nanu'il  for  Mr.  W.  !■'.  II.  Ivosenberj?  of  London,  who  has  tiiken  luncli  interest  in 
securing  collections  from  this  region. 


Bangs — Neio  or  Rare  Birds  from.  Western  Colombia.         73 

duller,  more  olivaceous,  less  reddish  brown;  throat  and  sides  of  neck 
ochraceous  instead  of  orange-rufous ;  body  below  from  the  chest  back- 
\\ar(l  uniform  tawny  ochraceous,  wholly  unstreaked,  darker  and  Ijrowner 
on  flanks  and  under  tail  coverts;  pileum  and  cervix  with  narrow,  pale 
shaft  streaks  to  all  the  feathers — very  different  from  the  solidly  Ijrown 
pileum  of  R.  rufibrunneus. 

Measurements. — Type,  adult  c?,  wing,  97.5;  tail,  91;  tarsus,  27;  cul- 
men,  25.5. 

But  one  specimen,  the  type,  of  this  very  distinct  species  was  contained 
in  the  collection  sent  me.  It  represents  a  species  wholly  unlike  Autoinolus 
ignohilis  Scl.  &  Salv.  or  any  other  species  so  far  as  I  can  find,  except  R. 
rufibrunneus,  from  which  also  it  is  strikingly  different. 

Myrmeciza  berlepschi  Ridg. 

This  species  was  represented  by  six  specimens,  adults  of  both  sexes, 
from  Palmar,  Pavas,  and  La  Maria,  western  Colombia,  taken  in  Febru- 
ary, March,  and  June,  which  I  have  compared  with  the  type  from  Chimbo, 
Ecuador,  and  find  to  be  identical  with  it. 

Rhynchocyclus  sulphurescens  asemus  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  near  Pavas,  western  Colombia,  4,400  feet  altitude.  Adult 
6^,  No.  23,439,  Bangs  collection.  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Col- 
lected February  15,  1908,  by  M.  G.  Palmer. 

Characters. — Almost  exactly  intermediate  between  Rhynchocyclus  cin- 
ereiceps  of  Central  America  and  R.  sulphurescens  ccorticns  of  the  Santa 
Marta  region  of  Colombia;  differing  from  the  former  in  having  the  throat 
and  chest  less  strongly  gray,  but  with  the  cap  and  back  identically  the 
same ;  from  tlie  latter  it  ditfers  in  having  the  cap  much  darker  and  clearer 
gray — less  mixed  with  olive  green ;  the  back  darker  olive  green ;  and  the 
throat  and  chest  just  a  trifle  grayer. 

Measurements. — Type,  adult  c?,  wing,  70;  tail,  59;  tarsus,  18;  cul- 
men,  11.5. 

Three  skins  of  this  form  were  sent  in— the  type,  and  two  adult  males 
from  Jimenez,  killed  in  May.  Tlie  subspecies  is  one  of  those  that  has  no 
one  very  good  character  to  distinguish  it,  but  that  is  exactly  intermediate 
between  two  quite  different  birds,  resembling  above  R.  cinereiceps  and 
below  R.  evorthms. 

It  proves  conclusively  to  my  mind  that  R.  cinereiceps  is  nothing  more 
than  a  northern  subspecies  of  R.  sulphurescens. 

Mionectes  olivaceus  hederaceus  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  near  Pavas,  western  Colombia,  4,400  feet  altitude.  Adult 
9  ,  No.  23,442,  Bangs  collection.  Museum  of  Comparative  Zo(jlogy.  Col- 
lected February  12,  1908,  by  M.  G.  Palmer. 

Characters. — Like  M.  olivaceus  venezuelensis  Ridg.  in  having  under 
parts  heavily  streaked,  but  much  darker,  more  grayish  olive  below; 
duller  and  darker  greenish  olive  above,  with  the  pileum  nuich  darker  and 


74         Bangs — Neiv  or  Rare  Birds  from  Wederii  Colombia. 

grayer  than  back,  and  of  the  size  of  M.  olivareus  olirareus,  not  hirger. 
From  M.  olivaceus  olivaceus  it  diflers  in  niucli  heavier,  coarser  streak- 
ing below,  and  in  general  darker,  grayer  coloration,  the  pileinn  nuich 
grayer  and  the  back  much  darker,  more  grayish  olive-green. 

Measurements. — Type,  adult  9,  wing,  62;  tail,  47;  tarsus,  15.5;  cul- 
nien,  12.5. 

Another  specimen,  from  Rio  Bitaco,  May  2,  1908,  is  precisely  like  the 
type,  and  the  west  Colombian  subspecies  seems  a  very  well  marked  one. 
I  also  received  a  skin  of  M.  strlaticollis  poliocephahis  Tsclindi,  collected 
by  Mr.  Palmer  at  San  Antonio,  Rio  Call,  November  21,  1907. 

Pheugopedius  spadix  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  Naranjito,  Rio  Dagua,  western  Colombia.  Adult  d^,  No. 
23,446,  Bangs  collection,  Musemn  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Collected 
June  20,  1908,  by  M.  G.  Palmer. 

Characters. — A  very  distinct  species,,  apparently  most  nearly  related  to 
P.  atrogularis  (Salvin)  of  Costa  Rica,  I)ut  at  once  distinguished  from 
that  species  by  having  a  banded  tail. 

Color. — Pileum  clove  brown;  sides  of  head  and  throat  (not  extending 
at  all  onto  chest  or  neck)  black,  the  ear  coverts,  a  narrow  line  of  feathers 
above  the  eye  and  on  sides  of  the  front,  with  white  shaft  stripes;  upper 
parts,  including  margins  of  wing  feathers  (the  wings  unhanded),  under 
side  of  neck,  chest,  breast  and  sides,  rich  chestnut;  flanks  dull  brown, 
about  between  Prout's  brown  and  raw  umber;  middle  of  belly  and  under 
tail  coverts  dull  raw  umber,  with  indistinct  dusky  cross  bars;  tail  regu- 
larly barred  across  with  black  and  chestnut,  the  black  bars  a  little  the 
wifler. 

Measurements — Type,  adult  6^,  wing,  64;  tail,  54;  tarsus,  28;  cul- 
men,  16.5. 

Pheugopedius  mystacalis  saltuensis  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  San  Luis,  Bitaco  Valley,  western  Colombia.  Adult  d*,  No. 
23,448,  Bangs  collection,  INIuseum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Collected 
June  5,  1908,  by  M.  G.  Palmer. 

Characters. — Similar  to  P.  mystacalis  mystacalis  (Scl.)  of  Pallatanga, 
Ecuador,  l)ut  head  and  hind  neck  much  purer  gray;  breast,  chest  and 
sides  nuich  grayer,  less  buti'y,  being  mouse  gray;  black  malar  stripe  wider 
and  consequently  white  supranialar  stripe  narrower. 

Measurements. — Type,  adult  c?,  wing,  (58;  tail,  61;  tarsus,  26.5;  cul- 
men,  18.5. 

An  adult  male  topotyjie  is  exactly  similar,  and  the  two  skins  I  compared 
very  carefully  with  many  Ecuador  specimens. 

Henicorhina  leucosticta  eucharis  sultsp.  nov. 

Type  from  near  Pavas,  western  ('olombia,  4,400  feet  altitude.  Adult 
d^.  No.  23,444,  Bangs  collection,  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Col- 
lected February  18,  J908,  by  M.  G.  Palmer. 


Bangs — New  or  Rare  Birds  from.  Western  Colombia.         75 

Characters. — Similar  to  H.  leucosticta  leucosticta  (Cabanis)  of  Guiana, 
but  colors  of  upper  parts  and  flanks  paler,  duller,  nuich  less  chestnut  or 
reddish  brown— in  the  adult  <3^  of  the  new  form  the  back  and  wings  are 
dull  russet,  the  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts  clear,  pale  russet,  the  flanks 
and  under  tail  coverts  cinnanion-russet.  The  female  is  similar,  but  slightly 
duller  in  color  and  with  the  pileum  not  solidly  black,  but  dark  brown 
medianly. 

Measurements. — Type,  adult  d*,  wing,  62;  tail,  ;>1.5;  tarsus,  23.5;  cul- 
men,  16.5.  Adult  9  ,  No.  2.S,445,  from  near  Jimenez,  western  Colombia, 
April  16,  1907;  wing,  58;  tail,  30;  tarsus,  22;  culmen,  15.5. 

Phoenicothraupis  cristata  Lawr. 

Three  adult  specimens,  two  males  and  a  female,  were  secured  at  Nar- 
anjito,  Rio  Dagua,  in  June  and  July,  1908. 

This  species  still  remains  so  rare  in  collections  that  I  have  thought  it 
wortli  while  to  make  this  record. 


Vol.  XXlll.  pp.  77-78  May  4,   1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


ON   THE  NAME  AND  SYNONOMY  OF  THE  ANTIL- 
LEAN  SHARP-SHINNED  HAWK. 

BY  J.   H.  RILEY. 

[By  permih^sion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  .Smithsonian  Institution.] 


In  1827,  Vigors  described  a  small  sharp-shinned  hawk  taken 
near  Havana,  Cuba,  by  MacLeay,  as  Accipiter  fringilloides, 
under  which  name  it  has  always  appeared  in  print,  but  if 
Haitian  and  Cuban  birds  are  the  same,  as  they  have  been  con- 
sidered by  those  who  have  had  an  opportunity  of  handling 
specimens  from  the  two  islands,  then  Accipiter  striatus  oi  Vieillot 
has  twenty  years  priority  and  must  be  adopted  until  the  birds 
of  the  two  islands  are  proved  distinct. 

I  am  not  aware  that  any  direct  comparison  has  been  made 
between  birds  of  the  two  islands;  in  fact  the  rarity  of  specimens 
in  collections  would  preclude  this.  Lawrence,  in  1860,  described 
the  adult  male,  adult  female,  young  male,  and  two  young  females 
from  Cuban  specimens  and  Cherrie  has  described  the  adult 
female,  adult  male,  and  young  male  from  Haitian  specimens. 
Judging  from  descriptions,  the  birds  of  the  two  islands  are  simi- 
lar or  identical.  I  would  like  to  add,  however,  that  in  the 
only  specimen  of  the  adult  male  handled  by  me  the  feathers  of 
the  nape  have  concealed  white  bases  and  the  inner  w^ebs  of  the 
flight  feathers  externally,  except  the  tertials,  have  dark  cross 
bars,  a  feature  not  mentioned  by  either  Lawrence  or  Cherrie. 
The  following  synonomy  has  been  worked  out  by  me  and  may 
prove  useful  to  future  investigators: 

Accipiter  striatus  Vieillot,  Ois.  Am.  Sept.  I,  1807,  42,  pi.  14  (Santo 
Domingo). — Stiuckl.and,  Orn.  Syn.,  1855,  109  (part). 

Falco  VieUotinus  Sii.vw,  Gen.  Zool.  VII,  part  1,  1809,  204  (Santo 
Domingo). 

17— Phoc.  lilOL.  ."^oc.  Wash.,  Vol..  XXIII,  I'.HU.  (V7) 


78      Riley — Si/nonomy  of  the  Antillean  Sharp-shinned  Hawk. 

Sparrins  f<fr!ntns  Vikii.i.ot,  Xouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  X,  1817,  325. 

Slparvius]  striatus  Vikili.ot,  Tab.  Enc.  Meth.,  Ill,  1823,  1265. 

Accipiter  fringilloides  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.  Ill,  1827,  434  (near  Havana, 
Cuba).— Denn-y,  P.  Z.  S.  Lond.,  1847,  38.— Lawrence,  Ann.  New 
York  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  VII,  ISGO,  255  (Cuba;  desc.  plumages).- 
GuxDi.Acri,  J.  f.  0.,  1871,  368  (Cuba);  Contr.  Orn.  Cubana,  1876, 
44;  Orn.  Cubana,  1895,  25  (habits,  plumages). — Sharpe,  Cat.  Bds. 
Brit.  :\Ius.,  I,  1874,  135  (foot-note).— Cory,  Bds.  Haiti  and  St. 
Domingo,  1885,  120  (desc.  and  plate  $  juv.);  Auk,  IV,  1887,  41 
(desc.;  syn. ;  crit. ) ;  Bds.  W.  I.,  188i),  lOi);  Cat.  Bds.  W.  I.,  1892, 
98. 

Nisus  fringilloides  D'Orbigxy,  La  Sagra's  Hist.  Fis.  Pol.  Nat.  Cuba, 
Aves,  1839,  31;  French  ed.,  p.  IS.— KinnwAY,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and 
Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  II,  1876,  117  (dose,  plumages  and  syn.). 

A[stur]  fringilloides  Lembeye,  Aves  de  Cul)a,  1850,  128. 

A[stur]  fuscus  Lembeye,  Aves  de  Cuba,  1850,  128. 

Nisus  fuscus  Cabanis,  J.  f.  0.,  II,  8uppl.  1855,  p.  Ixxxiii  (Cuba). — 
Cory,  Bull.  Nuttali,  Orn.  Club,  VI,  1881,  154  (Haiti). 

Accipiter  fuscus  Brewer,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  VII,  1860,  306 
(Cuba). 

[Accipiter]  fringilloides  Brewer,  Proc.  Boston  Soe.  Nat.  Hist.,  VII, 
1860,  306  (Cuba).— GuxDi.ACir,  J.  f.  O.,  1861,  322  (Cuba);  J.  f.  O., 
1862,  188;  Repertorio  fis.-nat.  Cuba,  I,  1865-(i6,  224.— Gray,  Handl. 
Bds.  I,  1869,  32  (Cuba).— ScLATER  and  Salvin,  Nom.  Avium  Neotr. 
1873,  120  (Cuba).— Cory,  List  Bds.  W.  I.  1885,  22.— Gurney,  List 
Diurnal  Bds.  Prey,  1884,  42.— Siiarpe,  Handl.  Bds.,  I,  1889,  252. 

Ace.  [ipiter]  fringilloides  GvsT)i.Acn,  Anales  Hist.  Nat.  Madrid,  II,  1873, 
100  (Cuba). 

iV.  [is/(.s]  fuscus  y 'dr.  fringilloides  Baird,  Brewer  and  Kidgwav,  Hist.  N. 
Am.  Bds.,  HI,  1874,  223. 

N.[isus]  fringilloides  Ridgway,  Bull.  U.  S.  Gcol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Terr. 
II,  187<),  95  (Cuba). 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  79-80  May  4,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL   SOCIETY   OF  WASHINGTON 


X' 


TWO  NEW  POCKET  GOPHERS  OF  THE  GENUS 

THOMOMYS. 

BY  VERNON  BAILEY. 


A  critical  study  of  the  genus  Thowonnis  shows  two  well  marked 
forms  hitherto  unnamed.  One  of  these,  from  the  yellow  pine 
plateaus  of  northern  New  Mexico,  is  large  and  dark;  the  other, 
from  the  bottoms  of  hot  desert  l)asins  of  Avestern  Nevada,  is 
large  and  pale.  Both  belong  to  the  aureus  group  but  mark  its 
opposite  extremes. 

Thomomys  apache  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  Lake  La  Jara  (7,.3UU  feet  altitude),  on  tlie  Jicarilla  Apache 
Indian  Reservation,  New  Mexico.  Nnmber  135,366,  c?  adult,  U.  S. 
National  Museum,  Biological  Survey  Collection.  Collected  September  19, 
1904,  by  James  H.  Gaut.     Original  number  3289. 

General  characters. — Size  large,  hind  foot  33-34;  colors  dark;  hind  feet 
and  tip  of  tail  conspicuously  white. 

Color. — Upper  and  lower  parts  nearly  uniform  dull,  sooty  gray,  slightly 
washed  with  dull  Ijuffy  ocliraceous;  back  with  an  ill-defined  stripe  of 
blackish;  basal  half  U)  three-quarters  of  tail  brownisli  or  l)lackish,  the 
rest  abruptly  white;  hind  feet  white;  lips  usually  and  chin  rarely  white. 

Skull. — Heavy,  angular  and  ridged,  similar  in  form  and  general  char- 
acters to  that  of  aureus;  bullae  full  and  rounded;  pterygoids  U-shaped; 
nasals  normally  with  slightly  emarginate,  doul:)ly  rounded  posterior  tips; 
iipper  incisors  white  tipped  and  decurved  at  right  angles  to  axis  of  skull. 

Measurements. — Type,  total  length,  250;  tail  vertebrfe,  85;  hind  foot, 
34.  Adult  female  topotype,  229;  74;  33.  Skull  of  type,  basal  length,  41; 
nasals,  14;  zygomatic  breadth,  28;  mastoid  breadth,  23;  alveolar  length 
of  upper  molar  series,  8.5. 

Thomomys  canus  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  Deep  Hole,  at  north  end  of  Smoke  Creek  Desert,  Nevada. 
No.  78,365,  c?  adult,  U.  S.  National  ^Museum,  Biological  Survey  Collec- 

IS— Pi;oc.  Bkii..  Scic.  Wash.,  V"I..  XXIII,  1910.  (T'.D 


80     Bailey — Tiro  Neic  Pocket  Gophers  of  the  Genus  Thomomys. 

tion.  Collected  May  14,  1896,  by  Clark  P.  Streator.  Original  number 
oil)!). 

General  characters. — Size  of  aiireus  or  a  little  larger,  hind  foot  30-33; 
colors  ashy  or  pale  huffy  gray ;  lower  parts  white. 

Color. — Upper  parts  pale  huffy  gray,  with  dusky  ear-patch  and  brown- 
ish nose;  lower  parts,  feet  and  tail  wiiitish. 

Skull. — Like  that  of  aureus,  but  palate  flat  instead  of  arched  between 
the  molar  series ;  interparietal  larger  and  more  quadrate;  buUfe  sliglitly 
larger;  anterior  points  of  frontals  less  acute. 

Measurements. — Type,  total  length,  242;  tail  vertebra^,  (54;  hind  foot, 
33.  Adult  female  from  type  locality,  215;  <J4;  30.  Skull  of  type,  basal 
lengtli,  41;  nasals,  15;  zygomatic  })readth,  28;  mastoid  breadth,  23; 
alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  !). 

Remarks. — In  color  canus  closely  resembles  the  gray  phase  of  its  near 
neighbor,  nevadensis,  l)ut  in  cranial  characters  it  shows  close  relationship 
with  aureus. 


Vol.  XXIll.  pp.  81-83  May4,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


FLETCHER    LAKE,    INDIANA,    AND    ITS    FLORA    AND 

FAUNA.* 

BY  BARTON  AV.  EVEPaiANN  AND  H.  WALTON  CLARK. 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  Fisheries. 


Fletcher  Lake  is  situated  in  the  southwest  corner  of  Fulton 
County,  Indiana,  about  12  miles  nearly  due  north  from  Logans- 
port,  and  only  a  few  rods  north  of  the  Cass  County  line.  It  is 
about  3  miles  northeast  of  Lucerne  on  the  Terre  Haute  and 
Logansport  Railway.  Its  position  is  about  40°  55'  80"  north 
latitude  and  86°  IS'  IG"  west  longitude.  It  is  among  the 
southernmost  glacial  lakes  of  Indiana. 

Tlie  writers  visited  Fletcher  Lake,  October  6,  1000,  in  the 
interest  of  the  U.  B.  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  a  physical  and  biological  survey  of  it.  Many  soundings 
were  taken  and  the  depths  of  the  lake  in  many  places  accurately 
determined.  Many  tempci-ature  ol).servations  were  made  and 
recorded,  the  character  of  the  bottom  and  shores  studied,  and 
collections  made  of  the  animal  and  plant  life  of  the  lake.  In 
these  investigations  valuable  assistance  was  rendered  by  Messrs. 
John  J.  Hildebrandt  and  A.  P.  Jenks  of  Logansport. 

Fletcher  Lake  is  an  elongate  body  of  water  with  parallel  sides 
and  no  bays,  capes  or  marked  irregularities  of  shore  line.  Its 
length  is  about  |  of  a  mile  and  its  width  i,  the  area  being  about 
30  acres.  It  appears  to  occupy  a  sort  of  closed-up,  narrow 
valley.  The  long  axis  lies  nearly  due  east  and  west.  The 
abruptness  of  the  descent  all  around  the  lake  is  worthy  of  note, 
as  in  this  respect  it  differs  markedly  from  Lake  Maxinkuckee, 
and  chjsely  resembles  such  lakes  as  Holem,  Cook  and  Meyers  t 
of  the  Twin  Lakes  group  in  Marshall  County,  Indiana. 

*  Published  by  permi.ssioii  of  the  V.  S.  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries. 
T  On  recent  maps  called  Soutliwcit  Luke,  Northwest  Lake  and  East  I^iike. 

19— Piioc.  Biol.  Soc.  W.\sh.,  Vol..  XXIII.  1910.  (81) 


82  Evermann  d-  Clark. — Fletcher  Lake,  Indiana. 

The  water  near  shore  and  usually  out  for  a  distance  of  50  feet 
or  less  is  shallow.  At  the  edge  of  this  narrow  shelf  the  depth 
suddenly  increases  to  15  to  25  feet.  The  soil  about  the  lake 
appears  in  general  to  contain  considerably  more  clay  than  that 
about  Lake  Maxinkuckee.  The  shores  are  nearly  everywhere 
high  and  dry.  The  south  shore  is  high  for  its  entire  length, 
and  a  few  yards  back  is  the  terrace  of  a  former  shore-line.  A 
similar  but  less  distinct  terrace  is  seen  on  the  north  side.  On 
the  north  shore  is  some  little  marsh  ground,  and  the  ground  at 
both  ends  of  the  lake  is  rather  mucky  and  quaky.  The  lake  is 
said  to  have  once  reached  a  considerably  greater  distance  toward 
the  enclosing  hills,  ])ut  was  artificially  drained  to  a  lower  level. 
It  has,  however,  little  or  none  of  the  lake-plain  aspect  char- 
acteristic of  lowered  lakes  such  as  Eagle  Lake,  which  is  a  good 
type  of  lowered  lakes,  or  the  marshes  about  the  inlet  and  outlet 
of  Lake  ]\Laxinkuckee. 

The  catchment  basin  of  the  lake  is  quite  small.  At  its  head 
is  a  little  draw  or  ravine  which,  in  wet  weather,  brings  down 
water  about  2  miles.  There  are  a  few  ditches  also  running  into 
the  lake.  The  outlet  is  jieriodic,  dry  at  the  time  the  lake  was 
visited,  Ijut  during  wet  weather  connecting  with  a  small  creek 
at  its  west  end.  The  outlet  is  called  Bluegrass  Creek.  This 
flows  into  Indian  Creek  which  takes  a  course  nearly  due  west  to 
the  Tippecanoe,  of  which  it  is  a  tributary. 

Although,  as  has  been  said,  Fletcher  Lake  quite  closely 
resembles  some  of  the  Twin  Lakes  in  general  outline,  it  differs 
from  them,  Holem  Lake  in  particular,  in  having  firm  shores. 
There  is  no  fine  sand  beach  such  as  is  characteristic  of  Lake 
Maxinkuckee. 

Just  as  the  soil  and  shore  differ  sonu'what  from  Lake  Mnxin- 
kuckee,  so  does  the  land  vegetation.  No  collections  were  made 
in  the  short  time  spent  there,  l)Ut  the  following  notes  were  taken: 

Among  the  sedges,  the  low  sedge  {Cyperus  dinndrus)  and  the 
straw-colored  sedge  (C.  strir/o^ns) ,  common  beach  plants  at  Lake 
INIaxinkuckee,  are  here  i)resent  also,  as  is  also  the  little  com- 
posite, Edi'pta  rdba.  The  cocklebur  and  barnyard  grass,  both 
of  which  form  a  pretty  continuous  fringe  about  Lake  Maxin- 
kuckee, are  here  uncommon  or  wanting;  but,  as  lake  shore 
vegetation  varies  considerably  from  year  to  year  this  is  not  nec- 
essarily   a    constant    difference.       The    rough    sedge    (Cyperus 


Evermann  cC'  Chirk. — Fletcher  Lake,  Indiana.  83 

inflexus},  which  is  very  rare  at  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  and  not  very 
near  the  lake,  was  rather  common  on  the  shore  at  Fletcher 
Lake,  and  Hemiairpha  micrantha,  a  delicate  little  Imlrush-like 
sedge,  which  was  not  found  at  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  was  found  to 
be  rather  common.  The  naturalized  bittersweet  nightshade, 
Solanum  didramara,  which  is  not  present  near  Lake  Maxin- 
kuckee, but  which  grows  in  abundance  in  a  tamarack  swamp 
several  miles  west  of  that  lake,  Avas  common  near  tlie  shore  of 
Fletcher  Lake  and  conspicuous  liy  reason  of  its  scarlet  berries. 
The  leafy  bulrush,  Scirpiis  pob/phylhis,  a  plant  of  rathei"  erratic 
distribution,  not  found  at  all  at  Eagle  Lake  or  Lake  INLaxin- 
kuckee,  but  seen  in  scattered  clumps  at  others,  was  found  here. 
The  soapwort  gentian  (  Gciitiana  sapona.ria)  grows  in  considerable 
abundance  near  the  lake.  Other  plants  which  enter  into  a 
general  picture  of  the  region,  are  the  clumps  of  low  willows, 
tangles  of  drop-seed  grass  {Muhlenberghia^,  and  arrow-leaved 
tear  thumb  {Polygonum  sagittativm} ,  Carolina  rose (J?osa  Carolina), 
tall  blue  verl)ena  (Verbena  hastata),  imtches  of  pepi:)ermint 
(^Mentha  piperita),  stretches  of  sticktight  (Bidens  connata)  now 
brown  and  bristling,  clumps  of  Cornus  {Corniis  sericea),  bunches 
of  iron  weed  (Vernonia  fasriciilata)  and  fragrant  goldenrod 
(Euthamia  graminifoiia) .  Along  the  marshy  portions  and  at 
places  near  shore  were  blue  flags  and  Eleocharis,  and  tangles  of 
swamp  loosestrife  {Decodon  verticellata)  and  patches  of  cattails 
{Typha  latifolia). 

The  aquatics  with  emersed  leaves,  the  spatterdock  or  yellow 
pond  lily  (Nymphsea  ndrena),  the  grass-leaved  arrowhead 
(Sagittaria  graminea)  most  of  the  leaves  of  which  were  sub- 
mersed, the  creeping  spike-rush  {Eleocharis palustris) ,  the  shining 
pond  weed  (Potamogeton  Ivcens),  the  white  water  lily  {Castalia 
odorata),  the  bulrushes  {Scirpus  lacustris  and  S.  americanus)  and 
the  pickerel-weed  {Pontederia  cordata)  are  confined  to  a  narrow 
belt  on  account  of  the  set-off  in  the  bottom  near  shore.  The 
aquatics  with  submerged  leaves,  among  which  were  thewhorled- 
leave<l  milfoil  {Mt/riophylluvi  verticillatum) ,  hornwort  {Ccra- 
tophyllum  demersum),  the  ditch  nioss  {Philotria  canadensis),  Naias, 
water  marigold  iBideiis  lieckii),  fennel-leaved  pond  weed  i  Pota- 
mogeton pectinatus)  and  the  eel-grass  pondweed  {Potamogeton 
zostersefolius) ,  were  exceedingly  abundant;  so  much  so  that 
masses  of  them,  especially   Philotria,   collected   in   great   rolls 


84  Evermann  d'  Clark. — Fletcher  Lake,  Indiana. 

before  the  net  and  interfered  seriously  with  seining  operations. 
Various  algae,  among  which  were  Chara,  Spirogi/ra  and  Mcsocarjms, 
were  quite  abundant;  on  the  Chara  grew  considerable  attached 
Rividaria. 

The  water  of  Fletcher  Lake  was  at  tlie  time  of  our  visit  a 
clear  lively  green  like  that  of  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  and  without 
the  yellowish  cast  characteristic  of  Eagle  Lake.  No  plankton 
was  collected. 

A  number  of  soundings  and  bottom  temperatures  were 
recorded.  The  only  vessels  of  any  kind  on  the  lake  were  about 
a  dozen  flat-bottomed  boats,  excellent  for  cruising  aliout  near 
shore,  but  very  difficult  to  row  straight  and  hard  to  keep  in 
place,  especially  during  a  wind,  such  as  prevailed  at  the  time. 
However,  it  is  l)elieved  that  the  soundings  taken  are  sufficient 
to  determine  the  maximum  depth  and  general  topography  of 
the  lake  bottom. 

Several  lines  of  soundings  were  run  and  temperatures  taken 
as  follows: 

1.  A  line  on  the  long  axis  and  in  the  center  of  the  lake  from 

east  to  west.  Depths  in  feet— 22.5,  35,  3L5,  33.5,  34, 
16.5.  Bottom  temperatures  in  fahrenheit  degrees:  51°, 
47.1°,  47.9°,  48.5°,  47°,  64.4°.     Temperature  of  air,  77°. 

2.  A  line  on  the  long  axis,  from  east  to  west,  taking  a  sounding 

at  every  10  oar-strokes.  Each  stroke  carried  the  l)oat 
about  5  feet,  thus  puttii:»g  the  soundings  at  intervals  of 
about  50  feet.  Depths  in  feet— 5,  22,  34,  34,  34,  32,  32, 
34,  32,  32,  34,  40,  41,  40,  33,  28,  28,  30,  28,  26,  32,  38, 
40,  40,  37,  30,  28,  15,  5. 

3.  A  line  ffuiu   south   to   iiortli   about  200  feet  east  of   tbc  west 

end.  Depths  in  feet— 15,  11),  24,  34,  38,  38,  33,  30,  21, 
16,  6. 

4.  A  line  from  north  to  south  beginning  about  200  feet  east  of 

north  end  of  line  3,  ami  ending  about  oOO  feet  east  of 
soutli  end  of  line  3.  Depths— 5,  14,  19,  24,  28,  28,  28, 
28,  29,  29,  2S,  30,  31,  35,  34,  31,  21,  14. 

5.  A  line  from  the  cami)  site  on  south  shore  to  a  point  on  shore 

400  feet  east  of  the  brick  house.     Depths— 8,  19,  21,  27, 
,     ^0,  32,  30,  26,  20,  20,  17,  12,  2. 


Evermann  d,  Clark. — Fletcher  Lake,  Indiana.  85 

6. "A  line  from  north  to  south  parallel  to  line  5,  but  about  300 
feet  east  of  it.  Depths— S,  17,  10,  22,  26,  28,  28,  29, 
28,  28,  25,  20,  16,  6. 

7.  A   line  north    from    the    boat-landing   near   Hall's    house. 

Depths— 2,  12,  18,  24,  36,  40+,  40+,  34,  32,  12,  3. 

8.  A  line  from  the  ice-house  on  north  side  near  the  church 

southwest  to  Hall's  boat-landing.  Depths — 7,  16,  19, 
20,  20,  22,  26,  26,  24,  24,  26,  28,  27,  30,  32,  38,  39,  41, 
42,  41,  41,  40,  38. 

The  lake  seems  to  occupy  a  long,  narrow  trough,  with  abrupt 
sides  all  around  and  with  pretty  uniform  depth.  There  are  2 
deep  holes, — one  just  off  Hall's  landing  and  another  about  the 
same  distance  from  the  west  end  of  the  lake.  The  depth  in 
each  of  these  scarcely  exceeds  40  feet, — the  greatest  found  in 
the  eastern  being  42  feet,  and  40  feet  in  the  western. 

The  abruptness  of  the  descent  all  around  tlie  lake  is  worthy 
of  note,  as  this  lake  in  tliis  regard  differs  markedly  from  Lake 
Maxinkuckee. 

The  water  of  Fletcher  Lake  is  unusually  cold.'  The  bottom 
temperature  is  about  2  degrees  lower  than  that  of  Lake  Maxin- 
kuckee, although  the  depth  is  less  than  half  as  great.  This 
greater  coldness  has  its  effect  on  tlie  animal  and  plant  life 
of  the  lake.  The  game  and  food-fislics  are  sufficiently  numer- 
ous as  to  species  and  individuals  to  make  it  of  considerable 
interest  to  local  anglers.  Of  the  22  species  of  fishes  known 
from  it,  at  least  14  are  food-fishes  of  some  value  and  at 
least  8  possess  some  game  qualities.  The  most  important  are 
the  straw  bass,  calico  bass  and  the  yellow  perch.  Each  of  these 
is  sufficiently  abundant  to  attract  many  anglers  to  this  beautiful 
little  lake. 

Fauna  of  Fletcher  Lake. 

Not  much  attention  was  paid  to  any  of  the  animals  of  the 
lake  except  the  fishes.  A  large  number  of  dead  shells  of  Fla- 
norhis  campanidata  were  seen  on  shore,  and  mussels  were  said  to 
be  pretty  abundant  iAnodonta  grandis),  specimens  of  which  were 
later  sent  us  by  xMr.  Joseph  Clark  Taylor  of  Logansport.  A 
number  of  whirligig  beetles  were  noticed  on  the  surface  of  the 
water,  and  several  cricket  frogs  were  caught. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  fishes  known  from  this  lake; 


86  Evermann  d:  Clark. — Fletcher  Luke,  Indiana. 

1.  Amia  calva  Linnpeus. 

DOGFISH. 

Probably  not  rare. 

2.  Ameiurus  natalis  (Le  Sueur). 
YELLOW  CAT. 

Not  uncommon. 

3.  Ameiurus  nebulosus  (Le  Sueur). 

COMMON  JULLIIEAD. 


Common. 


Not  rare. 


4.  Catostomus  commersonii  (Lacepede). 

COMMON  SL'CKER. 


5.  Moxostoma  aureolum  (Le  Sueur). 

COMMON  RED  HORSE. 

Probably  not  common. 

It  is  said  that  the  suckers  and  redhorse  run  out  to  the  prairie  througli 
the  outlet  during  high  water  in  the  spring. 

6.  Campostoma  anomalum  ( Rafinesque ) . 

STONEROLLER. 
Our  collection  contains  one  specimen,  o.o  inches  long. 

7.  Pimephales  notatus  (Rafinesque). 

BLUNT-NOSED  MINNOW. 

Common.  We  have  in  our  collection  7  specimens  ranging  in  length 
from  3  to  ?).")  inches. 

S.  Abramis  crysoleucas  (]\Iitchill). 

(GOLDEN  SHINER;  ROACH. 

Abundant.  We  have  21  specimens,  from  3  to  4  inches  long.  The  peri- 
toneum is  blackish.  There  are  a  few  encysted  trematodes  in  the  skin 
(Dtplostoinum),  5  fishes  being  affected;  4  with  1  and  1  with  4  of  these 
trematodes.  The  stomach  of  one  specimen  examined  contained  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  Spyrogyra  (well  disintegrated),  a  species  with  short 
cells,  and  a  few  insect  remains. 

0.  Notropis  whipplii  ((iirard). 

SILVERFIX. 

There  are  2  specimens  in  the  collection,  each  about  ."5)4  inches  long. 
10.    Erycimba  buccata  Cope. 

C A \' E RN-J A W !•: I)  M I N N (> W . 

One  specimen  3J^  inches  long  was  procured. 

11.  Lucius  vermiculatus  (Le  Sueur). 

(JRASS  I'IKE. 

Rather  common. 

12.   Fundulus  notatus  (Rafinesque). 
TOP  MINNOW. 

Our  collection  contains  4  specimens  from  1>^  to  2  inches  long.     All  are 


Evermann  cC  Clark. — FUicher  Lake,  IiuUana.  87 

immature,  and  have  the  rudimentary  cross-hars  still  present  making  the 
lateral  band  very  irregular  in  nutline.  The  short  bars  are  vertical  on  the 
anterior  part  of  the  iisli  but  on  the  caudal  peduncle  they  slant  backward. 

13.  Fundulus  dispar  (Agassiz). 

TOP  MIXXOW. 

One  specimen  obtained. 

14.  Pomoxis  sparoides  Lacepede. 

CALICO  HASS. 

There  are  two  specimens  in  the  collection  3  and  3)^  inches  long.  These 
are  rather  slender  and  have  the  l^lotclies  on  the  sides  arranged  more  or 
less  regularly  in  bars  or  rings,  in  this  respect  quite  closely  resembling  P. 
annularis.  One,  however,  has  7  dorsal  spines  and  the  other  8.  They  are 
locally  called  crap]>ie. 

15.  Ambloplites  rupestris  (Rafinesque). 

ROCK  BASS 

Probably  common. 

16.  Cheenobryttus  gulosus  (C'uvier  &  Valenciennes). 

WARMOUTII;  MUD  BASS. 

One  specimen  i%  inches  long.     It  is  probably  common  here.. 
17.   Lepomis  pallidas  (Mitchill). 

BLIEGILL. 

Very  common,  i>ut  reacliing  a  small  size. 

IS.  Eupomotis  heros  (Baird  &  Giranl). 

We  have  4  specimens  each  about  5  inches  long.  It  appears  to  be  one 
of  the  most  common  fishes  here.     I\Ir.  Hall  called  them  "  Goggle-eye." 

lit.  Micropterus  salmoides  (Lacepede). 

STRAW   BAS.S. 

Young  examples  4  or  5  inches  long  were  very  common.  Good-sized 
fishes  of  this  species  are  often  caught,  though  fishing  is  said  to  Ije  poor 
this  year.     The  small-mouth  black  bass  does  not  occur  in  this  lake, 

20.  Perca  flavescens  (Mitchill). 

YELLOW  I'ERCH. 

Very  abundant. 

21.  Etheostoma  hildebrandti  Evermann  &  Clark  sp.  nov. 

Among  the  daVters  collected  is  one  which  was  identified  in  the  field  as 
Etheostoma  -iowac,  but  which,  on  closer  examination,  proves  to  belong  to 
an  undescribed  species. 

It  may  be  described  as  follows: 

Head  3.78  in  length;  depth  6.52;  eye  3.96  in  head;  snout  o.ito  in  iiead 
or  1.5  in  eye;  mandible  2.97;  interorbital  5.97  or  equal  to  snout;  preor- 
bital  7.93;  D.  VIII-9;  A  II,  7;  scales  5-63-8,  26  developed  tubes  and 
about  15  more  rather  faint  pores. 

Body  slender  and  elongate,  somewhat  compressed,  the  caudle  peduncle 
long  and  slender;  head  rather  long  when  considered  in  its  entirety  but 


88 


Erermrnii}  t(-  Clark. — fhtrher  Lake,  Indiana. 


short  and  bhint  anteriorly,  the  snout  short  and  rounded;  jaws  about 
equal;  mouth  small,  nearly  horizontal,  the  tip  of  maxillary  reaching 
about  to  anterior  edge  of  \m\A\ ;  eye  large,  placed  high. 

Scales  small,  the  first  row  on  the  back  above  rather  smaller  and  irregu- 
larly i)laced;  cheeks,  opercles,  and  breast  well  scaled;  belly  with  ordinary 
scales. 

Spinous  dorsal  rather  high,  highest  anteriorly,  the  longest  spine  2  in 
head,  the  spines  slender,  the  edge  of  the  mendjrane  fornjing  straight 
chords  joining  the  spines  near  their  tips;  the  base  of  the  lin  1.20  in  head 
and  covering  about  14  rows  of  scales;  dorsals  well  separated,  the  space 
between  them  4.25  in  head  and  covering  about  3  rows  of  scales;  soft  dor- 
sal rather  high  and  rounded,  its  longest  ray  equal  to  the  longest  spine,  2 
in  head,  the  base  of  the  lin  1.32  in  head  and  covering  about  15  rows  of 
scales;  anal  fin  rather  large,  its  first  spine  2.97  in  head,  the  second  spine 
considerably  shorter;  the  base  of  the  fin  2.38  in  head,  covering  7  rows  of 
scales;  pectoral  long,  acutely  rounded,  reaching  to  tip  of  ventral  or  half- 
way to  vent;  ventrals  rather  short,  acutish,  their  length  1.25  in  head; 
caudal  rather  acute,  its  length  1.4.S  in  head. 


Fig.  1. 
Elheostomn  hihh'brandti  Evonnann  it  Clark.    Type. 

Ground  color,  straw-yellow ;  sides  blotched  all  over  with  irregular  ])rown 
blotches;  a  series  of  rather  elongate  blotches  along  middle  of  side;  belly 
plain;  dorsals,  caudal  and  jiectorals  with  l)lotches  consisting  of  dots, 
lines  and  minute  punctulations  <>n  tlie  rays,  these  somewhat  elongate  on 
the  caudal  and  roundish  on  the  other  fins;  these  dots  arranged  in  rather 
zigzag  bars;  a  dark  streak  downward  from  the  eye. 

This  darter  differs  from  E.  iowtr,  to  wliicli  it  a|)pears  to  be  mo.st  closely 
related,  in  the  well  scaled  breast  and  tlu'  more  slender  form. 

The  type  (about  2%  inches  long)  is  No.  (54, OK),  U.  8.  National  ^Tusemn. 

We  take  pleasure  in  naming  this  n(MV  species  for  our  friend,  ^Ir.  John  J. 
Ilildeltrandt  oi  Logansport,  Indiana,  an  enthusiai^tic  angler  and  a  good 
naturalist. 

22.   Microperca  punctulata  rutnam. 

l.KAST  D.VliTKU. 

We  have  in  our  collection  1  specimen  (^f  this  species  about  13<2  inches 
long. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  89-90  May  27,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


A  NEW  GENUS  OF    AMPHIBIA    SALIENTIA   FROM 


DUTCH  NEW  GUINEA. 
BY  THOMAS  BARBOUR. 


Not  long  ago  I  procured  a  small  series  of  Papuan  reptiles 
taken  by  Mr.  Pratt  at  Fak  Fak,  New  Guinea.  One  of  the  two 
water  snakes  (^Natrix  mairii)  showed  a  large  swelling  along  its 
midregion  and  a  single  cut  revealed  the  subject  of  this  notice. 

Pomatops  gen.  nov.  Engystomatidarum. 

Pupil  large,  round.  Tongue  large,  much  longer  than  broad,  entire, 
free  on  sides  and  behind  to  a  considerable  extent.  Palate  with  two  feebly 
developed  papillose  ridges,  curving  forward,  deep  in  the  entrance  of  the 
oesophagus.  Tympanum  hidtlen.  Fingers  and  toes  quite  free,  their 
tips  very  slightly  dilated.  No  precoracoids ;  no  omosternum;  sternum 
small  and  cartilaginous.  Diapophy.ses  of  sacrum  scarcely  dilated  at  all. 
Terminal  phalanges  T  shaped.  The  most  interesting  feature  of  this  new 
form  is  the  development  of  the  eyelids.  The  upper  eyelids  are  involved 
in  a  flap  of  skin  extending  for  some  distance  anterior  and  posterior  to 
the  position  of  the  eye.  These  flaps  are  sufficiently  developed  so  that 
they  may  be  laid  down  and  thus  completely  cover  the  whole  eye.  Two 
semilunar  shaped  white  spots  one  below  the  position  of  each  eye  give 
the  creature  the  appearance  of  l)eing  open-eyed  even  when  the  folds  of 
skin  along  the  sides  of  tlie  head  are  down  and  the  eyes  are  thus  quite 
hidden. 

Pomatops  valvifera  sp.  nov. 

Type :  A  single  example,  well  preserved.     Coll.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  2577. 

Taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  specimen  of  Natrix  xiairii  (Ciray)  from 
Fak  Fak,  North we.stern  Dutch  New  Guinea.  The  snake  was  caught 
there  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Pratt,  the  well  known  zoological  collector. 

Hal)it  rather  slender.  Head  short,  snout  not  prominent,  mouth  ratlier 
small,  eyes  directed  laterally.  I^imbs  moderate;  tlrst  linger  shorter  than 
second;  outer  toe  longer  than  inner;  subarticular  tubercles  very  indis- 
tinct;   metatarsal    tubercles    wanting.      The    hind    limb    being    carried 

20— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (89) 


90  Barbour — A  Neiv  Genus  of  Amphibia  Salientia. 

forward  along  tlie  body,  the  tibio-tarsal  articulation  reaches  the  posterior 
border  of  the  eye.  Skin  of  both  upper  and  lower  surfaces  smooth. 
Color :  Upper  surface  of  body  and  limbs  slaty  gray  with  lighter  marblings ; 
lower  surface  ochraceous  buff,  varying  to  l)oth  a  lighter  and  darker  shade. 
This  curious  and  interesting  find  suffered  a  little  by  having  been 
swallowed,  in  that  it  is  difficult  to  reconstruct  the  exact  condition  of  the 
sternum  as  well  as  the  general  habit  in  life.  The  fore  limbs  lay  forward 
along  the  sides  of  the  head  and  the  hind  liiiil)s  were  stretched  out  behind 
so  that  the  whole  creature  was  pressed  out  longitudinally.  The  skin  is 
only  broken  on  the  upper  surface  of  one  thigh,  where  it  was  evidently 
ripped  by  a  tooth.  The  snake  from  which  it  was  taken  is  a  water  loving 
form.  There  seems  no  reason  to  suppose  that  Pomaptops  is  a  water  frog. 
Burrowing  habits  are  suggested  by  the  protections  to  the  eyes.  This 
makes  the  tenth  genus  of  Engystomatidae,  so  far  as  known  confined  to 
Papua. 


Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIH.  I'JIU. 


Plate  I. 


V 


6 


E.  N.  FISCHER,  DEL. 


HELIOTYPE  CO.,     BOSTON. 


PoMAToi's  VAi.vrFf:RA  Pjarbour. 

of  head  with  I'.ve  fl.il)  rai.se<l  artiticiiilly.  Fig.  4.  Lower  surface  of  right  pes.    x  3. 

Fig.  5.  Dorsal  view  of  type,    x  1%. 


Fig.  1.  .'^ide  view 

X  3. 
Fig.  2.  Same  but  with  eye  Hap  naturally  depressed,    x  :!.  Fig.  0.  Interior  of  liuccal  eavity.    x  ;i. 


Fig. :!.  Lower  surface  of  right  uianus.    x  3. 


Fig.  7.  .Sternum,    x  4. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  91-94  May  27,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL   SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


ON  THE  NATURE   OF   THE  TEETH   IN   CTENOID 

SCALES. 

BY  T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL  AND  EVELYN  V.  MOORE. 


In  the  course  of  our  examination  of  a  number  of  ctenoid 
scales,  Ave  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  teeth  arise 
through  the  modification  of  the  apical  ends  of  vertical  circuli, 
i.e.,  circuli  which  in  the  apical  region  retain  their  primitive  ver- 
tical position.  It  is  not  evident  that  they  have  anything  to  do 
with  the  radii.  In  very  highly  specialized  ctenoid  scales,  such 
as  those  of  Dlstlchodus  among  the  Characinidee,  or  Rhinogobius 
among  the  Gobiidse  (these  two  genera,  though  so  little  related, 
have  the  same  kind  of  apical  teeth),  the  teeth  form  a  separate 
fringe  which  appears  to  have  no  intimate  connection  with  the 
rest  of  the  scale.  From  the  study  of  such  as  these,  the  true 
nature  of  the  ctenoid  feature  could  not  be  made  out,  but  it  is 


mm 


Fig.  1. 

Scale  of  Neomxnis  griscus,  showing  at  left. 

connection  of  lateral  with  apical  circuli. 

admirably   shown   in  the  Characinid,   Citharidium  ansorgii,   in 

which  the  comparatively  few  and  remote  teeth  are  seen  to  be 

continuations  of  vertical  apical  circuli,  supplemented  by  the  con- 

21— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII.  1910.  (i>l) 


92      Cockerell  and  Moore — Nature  of  Teeth  in  Ctenoid  Scales. 

vergence  and  coalescence  of  those  immediately  adjacent.  The 
few  genuine  radii  in  this  scale  are  between  the  teeth,  and  in  the 
figure  one  is  seen  crossing  the  circuli  obliquely. 

The  Lutianid,  Neomxnis griseusO^-),  and  the  Hpemulid,  Aniso- 


Fig.  2. 
Scale  of  Anisotremus  rirginicus,  showing  connection  of  vertical 
circuli  witli  teeth  (left)  and  connection  of  lateral  with  apical 
cixculi  (right). 

tremus  virginicKS  (L.),  (scales  of  l)oth  from  Tampa,  Florida, 
kindly  sent  by  Dr.  S.  Graenicher)  illustrate  the  same  thing  in 
a  different  way.  The  jointed  lines  radiating  at  the  apex  are  not 
radii,  but  modified  circuli.  Their  connection  with  the  lateral 
circuli  can  be  distinctly  made  out  as  is  shown  in  our  figures. 


Fig.  ;i. 
Portion  of  scale  of  Citharidium  ansorgii,  showing 
a   lateral  apical   tooth,  A'  R.  on  radius,  other 
ma  risings  circuli. 

It  follows  from  the  above  theory  that  a  scale  with  completely 
transverse  apical  circuli,  such  as  that  of  Argyrosomus,  can  not 
be  and  can  not  l)ecome  ctenoid.  The  reason  why  there  are  no 
ctenoid  Cyprinid  scales  seems  to  be,  that  the  group  has  advanced 


Cockerell  and  Moore — Nature  of  Teeth  in  Ctenoid  Scales.      93 

too  far  along  the  line  of  modification  in  regard  to  the  circuli  to 
be  able  to  produce  them.  The  more  primitive  Characinidse, 
however,  have  been  able  to  develop  marginal  teeth  more  than 
once,  independently. 

According  to  our  view,  a  scale  can  not  have  marginal  teeth, 
and  transverse  circuli  running  below  them.  Thus  Sebastodes  and 
Pomotis  have  scales  with  similar  basal  radii,  and  in  many- 
respects  alike,  but  Sebastodes  has  vertical  apical  circuli,  and  is 
ctenoid,  while  Pomotis  has  them  transverse  and  is  absolutely 
cycloid . 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  95-98  May  27,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE  ,''. 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


ON  THE  TYPE  SPECIMEN  OF  THE  CRINOID  DESCRIBED 
BY  MtJLLEPv  AS  ALECTO  PURPUREA. 

BY  AUSTIN  HOBART  CLARK. 


In  the  year  1843  Professor  Johannes  Miiller  described,  under 
the  name  of  Alecto  purpurea,  a  supposedly  new  comatulid  which 
had  been  brought  from  Australia  by  Preiss.  No  further  men- 
tion of  this  form  is  found  until  1884  when  Professor  F.  Jeffrey 
Bell,  in  reporting  upon  the  collections  made  in  northeastern 
Australia  by  the  Alert,  tentatively  identified  some  of  his  speci- 
mens with  it.  Dr.  P.  H.  Carpenter,  in  the  preparation  of  the 
Challenger  report  upon  the  comatulids,  visited  Berlin,  and  was 
able  personally  to  examine  Miiller 's  original  specimen.  From 
an  examination  of  the  notes  which  he  made  from  it,  he  decided 
that  it  represented  the  species  which  was  originally  diagnosed  by 
Linntfius  in  1758,  on  the  basis  of  an  example  from  the  Indian 
Ocean  still  preserved  at  Lund,  as  Asterias pectinata .  Carpenter's 
verdict  has  been  everywhere  accepted  as  final,  and  Miiller 's 
Alecto  purpurea  has  been  allowed  to  lapse  into  the  synonomy  of 
the  Linnsean  Asterias  pectinata,  the  Comatida  pectinata  as  now 
understood. 

The  authorities  of  the  Berlin  Museum  have  recently  been  so 
kind  as  to  submit  to  me  for  study,  in  connection  with  the 
material  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  their  entire  collection 
of  recent  crinoids,  and  they  had  the  generosity  to  include  such 
of  the  old  Miillerian  types  as  are  in  their  possession.  It  is 
needless  to  remark  that  this  act  of  courtesy  on  their  part  has 
placed  me  under  the  greatest  obligation  to  them.  All  who 
have  studied  the  recent  crinoids  know  that  many  of  Miiller's 
descriptions,  written  nearly  70  years  ago,  are  very  difficult  to 

22— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (95) 


96  Clark — On  the  Type  Specimen  of  Alecto  Purpurea. 

appreciate,  and  in  some  cases  his  original  diagnoses  have  never 
been  revised,  so  that  the  identification  of  certain  of  his  forms  is 
now  more  or  less  a  matter  of  guesswork.  Carpenter  placed 
some  of  Miiller's  species  in  the  synonomy  of  earlier  species 
described  either  by  him  or  l)y  Lamarck,  without  any  notes  in 
regard  to  the  type  specimens.  While  in  most  cases  this  course 
was  no  doubt  justified,  increasing  knowledge  in  regard  to  the 
differential  specific  characters  of  comatulids  has  raised  certain 
questions  as  to  the  propriety  of  his  action  in  so  doing  in  one  or 
two  instances,  and  it  has  thus  become  imperative  that  Miiller's 
types  be  reexamined,  and  described  and  figured  along  the  lines 
followed  in  the  systematic  work  of  the  present  day.  Through 
the  kindness  of  the  Berlin  Museum  I  have  been  placed  in  so 
fortunate  a  position  as  to  be  able  to  do  this  Avith  the  types  in 
their  possession,  and  I  take  this  opportunity  of  acknowledging 
my  deep  indebtedness  therefor  to  that  institution,  and  in  par- 
ticular to  Drs.  W.  W'eltner  and  R,  Hartmeyer. 

Professor  Miiller's  systematic  work  on  the  comatulids,  con- 
sidering his  limited  amount  of  material,  was  exceptionally  good. 
Most  of  his  descriptions  even  at  the  present  day  leave  little  to 
be  desired,  being  far  more  detailed  and  accurate  than  very 
many  of  those  subsequently  drawn  up  by  others.  But  he  very 
rarely  gave  any  comparative  notes;  each  of  his  descriptions  he 
regarded  as  a  unit  which  needed  no  comparison  with  any  other 
similar  unit.  This  has  resulted  in  one  or  two  instances  in  the 
suppression  of  a  species  which,  had  a  comparison  with  other 
allied  species  been  given,  would  have  been  recognized  as  valid. 

Alecto  purpurea  belongs  to  the  Comasterida^  falling  in  the 
subfamily  Comactiniina^  and  in  the  genus  Comatula  as  now 
understood.  It  is  a  rather  small  species,  and  is  most  nearly 
related  to  C.  fxrtinata  from  which,  however,  it  is  quite  distinct, 
being  separal)l('  at  once  by  the  curious  segregation  of  its  cirri, 
which  are  from  five  to  ten  in  number  and  occur  singly  oi-  in 
pairs  in  the  intei-radial  angles  of  the  centrodorsal,  those  of  C. 
pectinnta  occurring  in  an,  irregular  row  all  around  the  margin. 
I  have  examined  a  large  number  of  specimens  of  C.  purpurea, 
all  from  Queensland,  and  compared  them  with  some  dozens  of 
C.  pectinata  from  all  parts  of  its  range,  and  have  never  had  any 
difficulty  in  difT(>rentiating  them.  The  type  sju'cinien  may  be 
described  as  follows: 


Clark — On  the  Type  Specimen  of  Alecto  Purpurea.  97 

Alecto  purpurea  J.  Miiller. 

Alecto  purpurea  J.  ^Iui.i.er,  Wiegmann's  Archiv  fiir  Naturgesch.,  1843, 
I,  p.  132  (New  Holland). 

Centrodorsal  a  small  thin  disk,  with  the  sliglitly  concave  dorsal  pole 
about  1  mm.  in  diameter. 

Cirri  broken;  ten  cirrus  stumps  remain,  the  longest  5.5  mm.  long  with 
ten  segments,  the  first  short,  the  remainder  about  one-third  broader  than 
long.  The  cirri  are  segregated  in  the  interradial  angles  of  the  centro- 
dorsal . 

Radials  very  short,  just  appearing  beyond  the  centnidorsal ;  i  Bri  and 
I  Br2  very  closely  united,  appearing  externally  as  if  united  l)y  syzygy, 
when  taken  together  broadly  pentagonal,  twice  as  broad  as  long;  i  Bri 
laterally  united;  i  Br2  (axillary)  triangular,  the  lateral  angles  not  in 
aijpositioii. 


Alecto  purpurea  J.  Miller;  the  type  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 

Ten  arms  70  mm.  long;  first  two  brachials  tmited  by  what  appears  to 
be  a  perfect  syzygy,  forming  a  wedge  shaped  pair  about  twice  as  broad  as 
long  in  the  median  line;  the  first  l^rachial  is  short  with  its  proximal  and 
distal  edges  parallel,  and  the  second  is  triangular,  twice  as  broad  as  the 
exterior  length;  third  and  fourth  ])rachials  united  by  syzygy,  forming  a 
short  nearly  oblong  pair  about  twice  as  broad  as  the  maximinn  length; 
following  three  brachials  short,  slightly  wedge  shaped,  nearly  three  times 
as  broad  as  long,  the  following  becoming  triangular,  twice  as  broad  as 
long,  with  the  anterior  edge  slightly  concave  and  the  exterior  slightly 
convex.  The  V)rachials  gradually  increase  in  length  distally,  and  in  the 
outer  part  of  the  arm  become  wedge  shaped,  and  distally  about  as  long  as 
broad.  In  the  median  line  of  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  arm  there  runs  a 
narrow  low  rounded  carination  which  is  rather  prominent  and  is  continued 
to  the  arm  tip.     The  arms  increase  slightly  in  diameter  to  the  twelfth  or 


98  Clark — On  the  Type  Specimen  of  Alerto  Parpurea. 

fourteenth  brachials,  then  taper  slowly  distally.  Syzygies  occur  between 
the  third  and  fourth  brachials,  again  between  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  to 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  (usually  in  the  latter  position)  and  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  or  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  (usually  in  the  latter 
position)  and  distally  at  intervals  of  from  three  to  five  (usually  four) 
oblique  muscular  articulations. 

The  pinnules  resemble  those  of  Comntula  peclinata ;  the  second  segment 
of  the  second  and  third  is  more  or  less  enlarged  and  carinate  dorsally, 
most  marked  on  the  former;  the  third  segment  is  similarly,  l)ut  inucli 
less  noticeably,  modified. 

Color,  deep  purple. 

Type  locality. — New  Holland.     The  type  is  in  the  Berlin  .Aluseum. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  99-100  May  27,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


GENERAL  NOTES. 


A  NOTE  REGARDING  THE  GREEN  ANOLIS  FROM  THE  NORTH- 
ERN BAHAMAS. 

In  December,  1904,  I  reported  on  a  collection  of  reptile.s  from  the 
Bahama  islands  (Bulletin  Mus.  Comp.  ZooL,  Vol.  46,  1904,  p.  55-61).  I 
then  surmised  that  the  specimens  called  Anolis  porcatiis  Gray  were  really 
(lifterent  from  that  Cuban  species.  Last  year  while  in  Cuba  I  collected 
series  from  Santiago,  Puerto  Principe,  and  near  Havana,  which,  added  to 
the  small  material  previously  available,  makes  it  possible  to  present  a  con- 
firmation of  the  suspicion  of  distinctness  between  Bahaman  and  Cuban 
specimens. 

In  1894  Cope  (Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1894,  p.  4?.2)  described  A. 
principalis  brunnevs  as  a  new  subspecies  from  Crooke<l  Island.  Now, 
even  though  no  topotypes  of  this  form  are  available  for  comparison,  but 
judging  from  what  we  know  regarding  the  distribution  of  Bahaman 
lizards,  there  seems  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  specimen  which  Cope 
had  was  different  from  the  examples  before  me  from  New  Providence  and 
Andros  islands.  The  Bahaman  specimens  then  should  stand  £ls  a  distinct 
species,  which  may  be  known  as  A.  brunneus  Cope.  They  may  be  distin- 
gui-ihed  from  Cuban  examples  by  a  much  smaller  size;  the  ab.sence  of  the 
prominent  sky-blue  markings  on  the  head  and  neck  of  the  male;  and  the 
more  weakly  developed  longitudinal  rugae  of  the  rostrum.  The  snout  of 
small  specimens  oiA.  porratus  is  somewhat  shorter  than  in  the  specimens 
of  A.  hrnnneiis  of  a  similar  size;  but  otherwise  they  are  almost  identical. 
The  adult  Cuban  male  sjjecimens  can,  of  course,  l)e  distingui.-ihed  at  once 
in  life  by  the  brilliant  V)lueness  of  their  heads,  a  color  which  I  have  not 
observed  them  to  change. 

^tejneger  in  his  paper  onBatrachians  and  Land  Reptiles  of  the  Baha- 
man Islands  (in  "The  Bahaman  Islands,"  New  York,  1905,  the  :\Iacmil- 
lan  Company,  p.  382)  says:  "The  Bahaman  specimens  are  very  close  to 
the  Cuban  ones,  though  I  have  a  strong  suspicion  that  eventually  they 
may  be  found  to  be  separable.  So  much  is  certain,  however,  that  the 
Bahaman  form  is  in  no  way  directly  connected  with  A.  carolinensis,  but 
that  its  relationship  is  with  Gray's  A.  porcatas." 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  suspicion  which  was  expressed  by  both 
Dr.  Stejneger  and  my.self  regarding  the  distinctness  of  these  two  forms 
is  confirmed;  but  while  there  seems  no  reason  to  doubt  the  derivation 

•23— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash..  Vol.  XXIII.  1910.  (y.t) 


100  General  Notes. 

of  .1.  hninneiii^  from  A.  porrntuf;^  a?  Stejnojrer  lias  suggested,  it  should  be 
noticed  that  A.  hrunneus  is  much  more  similar  to  A.  carolinensis  than  is 
A.  porcatus. 

— Thomas  Barbour/ 

ELEUTHERODACTYLUS  RICORDII  IN  FLORIDA. 

Tlie  capture  of  a  specimen  of  Eleutherodactylus  rirordii  (Dumeril  et 
Bil)ron)  at  Eau  Gallic  about  the  center  of  the  East  Coast  of  Florida  in 
January  of  this  year  was  a  great  surprise  as  I  am  reasonably  familiar  with 
the  fauna  of  this  locality.  Cope  in  his  Check  List  of  North  American 
Batrachia  and  Reptilia  (Bull.  1,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1875,  p.  31)  records  it 
from  Southern  Florida,  Cuba  and  Bahamas.  Boulenger  (Cat.  Batr.  Sal., 
1882,  p.  218)  gives  a  similar  distribution  though  he  had  seen  no  specimens. 
Later  Cope  writing  again  in  his  Batrachia  of  North  America  (Bull.  34, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1889,  p.  318)  says  "A  single  specimen  from  Key  AVest, 
Florida,  is  now  in  the  National  Museum.  Its  proper  habitat  is  Cuba." 
This  seems  to  be  the  single  capture  upon  the  strength  of  which  Southern 
Florida  has  generally  been  included  in  the  area  of  its  occurrence. 

The  Eau  Gallie  example  differs  in  no  wise  from  Bahaman  and  Cuban 
individuals  plenty  of  which  are  available  here  in  the  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology  for  comparison. 

Stejneger  has  remarked  on  the  identity  of  Cuban  and  Floridan  examples 
(The  Bahama  Islands,  New  York,  The  Macmillan  Co.,  1905,  p.  331).  He 
informs  me  that  there  is  no  specimen  in  the  National  Museum  from  Key 
West,  but  one  old  one  lal)eled  "  Southern  Florida"  and  four  others  more 
recently  received  from  Lemon  City. 

That  this  form  has  reached  Florida  fortuitously  and  in  very  recent  times 
there  can  l)e  no  doubt  whatever.  The  questions  of  the  speed  of  its  dispersal 
and  whetlier  it  retains  permanently  its  identity  with  West  Indian  examjiles 
are  of  very  vital  interest.  This  note  is  ofl'ered  with  the  hope  that  collec- 
tors may  be  on  the  watch  for  this  species  and  that  they  may  record  speci- 
mens that  have  or  wiiicli  may  in  future  come  to  their  notice. 

—  Thoinna  Barhonr. 

OX  THE  XA:\IE  OF  THE  TRINIDAD  CCEREBA. 

The  yellow-breasted  honey-crec'iter  from  Triniilad  was  iianied  C.  [ifrchn] 
trinitatis  l)y  Lowe  (]l)is,  Oct.,  1907,  56()),  l)ut  unfortunately  Bonaparte 
(Comp.  Rendus,  38,  1854,  258)  gave  the  same  name  to  the  blue  honey- 
creeper,  now  known  as  Cyanerpes  crrnlra  trinitatis  (cf.  Hellmayr.  Nov. 
Zool.  xiii,  1906,  8).  As  this  leaves  the  yellow-breasted  bird  from  Trini- 
dad, if  distinct  from  C.  Inteola,  without  a  name  it  may  be  calh'd  Cn'reba 
htleola  hcUtiiinirl. 

—J.  II.  Riley. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  101-102  June  24,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


A   NEW   MICROSOREX  FROM   THE    VICINITY    OFn^^   ^-/as' 
WASHINGTON,   D.   C.  \^    # 


BY  EDWARD  A.  PREBLE. 


On  April  25,  1903,  while  searching  for  salamanders  in  com- 
pany with  W.  H.  Osgood  and  W.  P.  Hay  on  the  Virginia  shore 
of  the  Potomac  above  Plunnner's  Island,  I  dislodged  from  the 
decayed  interior  of  a  large  fallen  log  a  tiny  shrew.  The  rarity 
of  any  species  of  long-tailed  shrew  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington 
caused  me  to  take  special  pains  in  preserving  the  specimen. 
Later,  when  I  examined  it  carefully,  I  was  surprised  to  find  that 
it  belonged  to  the  genus  Microsorex,  hitherto  unknown  to  occur 
south  of  Ohio  and  New  York.  It  was  apparent  that  the  specimen 
represented  an  undescribed  form,  but  its  characterization  was 
deferred  in  the  hope  that  other  specimens  would  be  detected. 
This  did  not  occur  until  January  24  of  the  present  year,  when 
William  Fink  of  Berwyn,  Maryland,  found  a  second  specimen 
in  the  decayed  heart  of  a  dead  chestnut  tree,  which  he  cut  from 
a  dry  hillside  at  some  distance  from  water.  He  presented  it  to 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  and  owing  to  the  courtesy  of  the 
curator  of  mammals  it  has  been  loaned  to  me  for  study.  Unfor- 
tunately the  condition  of  the  specimen  at  the  time  it  reached  the 
museum  precluded  its  being  made  into  a  skin,  and  it  was  put 
into  alcohol.  Consequently  it  is  not  possible  to  describe  the 
color  of  the  winter  pelage.  It  was  carefully  measured  while  in 
the  flesh,  however,  and  the  skull  was  removed.  Since  it  agrees 
closely  in  measurements  and  skull  characters  with  the  original 
specimen,  there  remains  no  doubt  as  to  the  advisability  of 
describing  the  species,  which  may  be  known  as 

Microsorex  winnemana  sp.  nov. 

Type  from  Fairfax  County  (hank  of  Potomac  River  near  Stubblefield 
Falls),  Virginia.     No.  126,320  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Biological  Survey 

24— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII.  1910.  (101) 


102    Preble — A  New  Mlcrosorex  from  Vicinity  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

Collection.  9  young  adult,  skin  and  skull.  Collected  by  Edward  A. 
Preble,  April  25,  1903. 

General  chnrncters. — Similar  to  Mirrnaorex  hoyi,  l)ut  considerably 
smaller;  braincase  proportionally  higher  and  more  rounded. 

(.'olor. — Upperparts  grayish  brown,  slightly  tinged  about  head  and  face 
with  ochraceous ;  lowerparts  ashy-gray,  the  line  of  demarcation  being  quite 
distinct;  tail  bicolor,  the  upper  surface  like  the  back,  the  lower  silvery 
gray.  The  type  is  apj^arently  in  summer  pelage,  and  tlie  hair  is  much 
shorter  than  that  of  the  Berwyn  specimen,  taken  in  winter. 

Cranial  anddentnl  characters. — Compared  with  skulls  of  Microsorexhoyi 
from  Elk  River,  ■Minnesota,  assumed  to  be  typical,  the  skull  oi  Microsorex 
winnemana  is  decidedly  smaller;  the  braincase  more  rounded  and  rela- 
tively higher;  the  rostrum  proportionally  shorter  and  lighter,  and  in 
consequence  the  teeth  much  crowded,  the  minute  third  unicuspid  being 
detected  with  difficulty.  The  teeth  do  not  differ  essentially  in  shape 
■from  those  of  Mlcrosorex  hoyi. 

Measurements. — Type  measured  in  flesh:  Total  length,  78;  tail  verte- 
brae, 28;  hind  foot,  9  (in  M.  hoyi  10  to  10.5  mm.).  The  specimen  from 
Berwyn,  ^Maryland,  measured:  86;  29;  9.5.  Skull  of  type:  Greatest 
length,  13.8;  breadth  of  braincase,  6.  Skulls  of  M.  hoyi  measured  ap- 
proximately 15.5  by  7  mm. 

Remarks. — Microsorex  winnemana  is  the  smallest  species  of  shrew  (and 
therefore  the  smallest  mammal)  thus  far  discovered  in  America.  Tlie 
specific  name  vjinnemnna  (l)eautiful  island)  is  in  allusion  to  Plummer's 
Island,  the  home  of  the  Washington  Biologists'  Field  Club,  near 'which 
the  type  specimen  was  taken. 

While  comparing  the  Berwyn  specimen  Gerrit  S.  INIiller,  Jr.,  and  Ned 
Ilollister  brought  to  light  a  peculiar  situation  regarding  the  supposed  type 
of  Microsorer  hoyi.  Baird  in  his  original  description  oiSorex  hoyi  ( Rep.  Exp. 
&  Sur.  R.  R.  Pac.  VIII,  p.  32,  1857)  described  and  listed  two  specimens, 
both  from  Racine,  Wisconsin,  an  alcoholic  (No.  1688),  with  skull  in  situ, 
and  a  skin  with  its  skull  (No.  iW-).  in  his  plate  (PI.  XXVIII)  he  figures 
the  alcoholic  (No.  1688),  and  a  skull  without  number)  which  would  nat- 
urally be  assumed  to  belong  to  the  alcoholic.  Lyon  and  Osgood  (Bull.  62, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  p.  244,  1909),  regard  No.  1688  as  the  type.  Miller  and 
Ilollister,  however,  inform  me  that  No.  1688  is  an  undoubted  Sorex  per- 
sonatus,  as  shown  by  the  skull,  which  has  never  been  removed  but  has 
been  partially  bared  to  expose  tlie  teeth.  Since  the  skull  figured  l)y  Baird 
does  not  belong  to  No.  1688,  it  is  fair  to  presume  that  it  represents  his 
other  specimen.  No.  1783.  It  is  plain  that  this  skull,  which  is  still  in  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum,  should  be  regarded  as  the  type  of  Sorex  hoyi 
Baird,  and  it  is  so  considered  l)y  INIiller  and  Hollister. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  103-104  June  24,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


A  NEW  SUBSPECIES  OF  PIGiMY  OWL. 
BY  E.  ^y.  NELSON. 


The  Pigmy  owls  of  the  Rock}^  Mountain  region  of  the  United 
States  have  heen  considered  to  be  true  Glaiicidium  gnoma  which 
was  described  from  "Mexico."  Specimens  in  the  collections 
of  the  Biological  Survey  and  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  show, 
however,  that  typical  G.  gnnma  is  limited  to  the  mountains 
about  the  southern  end  of  the  Mexican  Tableland  (and  prol)ab]y 
southward)  while  the  bird  of  the  Sierra  ]Madre  of  northern 
Mexico  and  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  United  States  is  a 
recognizable  subspecies,  which  is  described  below. 

QIaucidium  gncma  pinicola  sub,sp.  nov. 

ROtKY  MOINTAIN  I'lGMV  OWL. 

Typp  from  Alma,  New  Mexico;  No.  20(3,021,  $,  U.  S.  National  :Mn- 
seiim  (Biological  Survey  Collection) ;  collected  December  25,  1908,  by  Clay 
Hunter. 

DIstrihvtion. — Rocky  IMountaiii  region  of  tbe  United  States  and  the 
Sierra  Madre  of  northwestern  ^Mexico. 

Snbsi'enfic  charni  ters. — Much  larger  and  grayer  than  true  G.  (/noma. 

Remarks. — Glaucidium  gnoma  Wagler  was  described  from  a  specimen 
in  the  Wurzluirg  Museum  collected  in  "  Mexico"  by  Dr.  Petz.  No  defi- 
nite type  locality  was  given  but  Dr.  Petz  collected  several  other  birds  in 
southern  Mexico  and  it  is  a  fair  inference  that  this  owl  came  from  the 
same  region.  This  supposition  is  confirmed  by  the  description  of  the  type 
which  proves  it  to  be  a  representative  of  the  small  grayish  ])ro\vn  owl 
which  inhabits  the  mountains  about  the  southern  border  of  the  ^Mexican 
Tableland. 

Glaucidium  gnoma  pinicola  is  the  largest  and  grayest  of  the  subspecies. 

Glaucidium  gnoma  californicum,  intermediate  in  size  between  guoma 
and  jrinicoJa,  is  the  darkest  and  most  red<lish  brown  of  the  subspecies. 
It  occupies  coniferous  forested  areas  in  the  Pacific  Coast  region  of  tlie 
United  States  and  British  Cohimbia. 

25— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (101?) 


104  Nelson — A  New  Subspecies  of  Pigmi/  Owl. 

True  gnoma  is  more  suffused  with  brownish  than  pinicola  and  approaches 
in  coloration  unusually  pale  specimens  of  callfornicum.  In  a  series  of  11 
specimens  of  pinicola  all  l)ut  one  aeree  closely  in  the  "jeiieral  grayness  of 
the  uppcrparts.  A  single  specimen  from  Fort  Wliiitple,  Arizona,  however, 
is  almost  as  brownish  as  typical  gnoma  but  may  be  distinguished  by  its 
larger  size. 

The  following  measurements  of  typical  specimens  show  the  differences 
in  size  between  the  three  sul)species: 

G.  gnoma  gnoma,  d"  (type),  "Mexico":  Wing,  S3;  tail,  57;  tar- 
sus, 19. 

G.  gnoma  californicum,  c?,  Pescadero,  Calif.:  AVing,  '■X);  tail,  G7;  tar- 
sus, 20. 

G.  gnoma  pinicola,  d.  Flagstaff,  Ariz.:  Wing,  96;  tail,  69;  tarsus,  20. 

G.  gnoma  gnoma,  $,  Huitzilac,  Morelos,  Mex. :  Wing,  91;  tail,  59; 
tarsus,  19. 

G.  gnoma  californicum,  9,  Rockport,  Calif.:  Wing,  97;  tail,  66;  tar- 
sus, 21. 

G.  gnoma  pinicola,  9,  (type)  Alma,  N.  M. :  Wing,  101;  tail,  72;  tar- 
sus, 22. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  105-106  June  24,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


A  NEW  HUMMING  BIRD  FROM  THE  SIERRA  NEVADA 
DE  SANTA  MARTA,  COLOMBIA. 

BY  OUTR.IM  BANGS. 


While  Mr.  W.  \V.  Brown,  Jr.,  was  collecting  birds  in  1899  in 
the  higher  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  de  Santa  Mavta,  Colombia, 
he  secured  at  altitudes  ranging  from  7,500  to  11,000  feet,  three 
specimens  of  a  Lifresnayea,  which  at  the  time  I  called  L'lfres- 
nayea  said  (Delat.  and  Bource.). 

Since  then  I  have  compared  these  skins  with  many  specimens 

of  L.  said  and  L.  lafresnayei  (Boiss.)  and  find  that  the  Santa 

Marta  mountain  bird  is  quite  different  froiu  either.     It  may  be 

known  as 

Lafresnayea  liriope  sp.  nov. 

Tijpe,  from  Paramo  de  Chiruqua,  11,000  feet  altitude,  Sierra  Nevada 
de  Santa  Marta,  Colombia,  adult  cJ*,  No.  6216,  Bang.s  Coll.,  Museum  of 
Comparative  Zooloofy.    Collected  February  25,  1899,  by  W.  W.  Brown,  Jr. 

CJinrarterx. — With  the  rectrices  ( except  of  course  the  middle  pair)  icliite, 
below  the  dark  tips,  as  in  L.  saul,  but  with  the  bill  nearly  straight  as  in  L. 
lafresnayei  (which  has  the  rectrices  yellow  below  the  dark  tips)  very  dif- 
ferent from  the  much  curved  bill  of  L.  saul;  central  pair  of  rectrices  and 
longer  upper  tail  coverts,  strong  greeni.sh  coppery,  in  marked  contrast  to 
color  of  back.  In  all  skins  I  have  examined  of  L.  saul  the  central  rec- 
trices and  upper  tail  coverts  are  green,  concolor  with  back.  In  most 
skins  of  L.  lafresnayei  the  central  rectrices  are  slightly  bronzy,  not  so 
much  so  however  as  in  the  Santa  JMarta  form,  but  this  character  and 
the  straighter  bill  would  seem  to  indicate,  that  in  spite  of  liaving  a  white 
tail  the  new  l)ird  is  really  more  nearly  related  to  the  yellow-tailed  L. 
lafresnayei  than  to  L.  sanl. 

MEASinUiMEXTS. 


No. 

Sex. 

Locality. 

Wing. 

Tail. 

Kxposod 
Ciilnien. 

6216 
6217 
6218 

9 

Santa  Marta  Mts.  1 1 ,000  ft. 
"       7,500  ft. 
"       9,000  ft. 

64. 

6:5. 

62.5 

;-]S. 

37.5 
88. 

24. 

24.5 

24.5 

2G— Pkoc.  Bioi,.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910. 


(105) 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp    107-108  June  24,   1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


A  NEW  TINAMOU  FROM  LAKE  TITICACA. 
BY  OUTRAM  BANGS. 


Among  the  birds  collected  for  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology  by  Mr.  S.  Garman  at  Lake  Titicaca,  where  in  1875  he 
accompanied  Dr.  Alexander  Agassiz  in  his  explorations  of  this 
lofty  sheet  of  water,  were  two  examples  of  a  Nothura. 

Dr.  J.  A.  Allen,  in  his  list  of  the  birds  of  the  expedition 
(Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Vol.  Ill,  p.  355,  July,  1876),  referred 
these  specimens  to  Notlioprocta  hranickii  Tacz,  thus  obscuring 
until  now  the  fact  of  the  occurrence  of  a  Nothura  on  the  western 
side  of  the  great  Andean  divide. 

As  might  be  expected  from  its  isolated  position — no  other 
member  of  the  genus  occurring  nearer  it  than  in  the  high  plateau 
of  southern  Bolivia  east  of  the  Cordillera  Real — the  Lake  Titi- 
caca "  Perdiz  "  is  a  very  distinct  species.  In  memory  of  the 
great  naturalist  who  undertook  the  expedition,  during  which 
the  specimens  were  secured,  it  may  be  known  as — 

Nothura  agassizii  sp.  nov. 

Tiipe  from  Moho,  on  the  iiortheru  border  of  Lake  Titicaca,  adult  (not 
sexed)  No.  24,295  Coll.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Collected  (between  Jan.  1 
and  March  5)  1S75  by  S.  Garman. 

C/iarflc/er.s.— Belonging  to  the  section  of  the  genus  characterized  by 
very  fine  spottings  and  vcrmiculations  of  the  upper  parts,  that  inchides 
N.  boraquira  (Spix)  of  Brazil  and  western  Argentina  and  iV.  darvnni 
Gray  of  Patagonia;  upper  parts  much  blacker  than  in  either  of  these, 
the  vermiculations  very  fine  and  tlie  pale  edges  of  the  feathers  very 
narrow;  under  parts  pale— exactly  bufi"  of  Ridgway;  the  dark  markings 
on  chest  and  fore  neck  very  pronounced  and  consisting  in  wide  trans- 
verse bars  of  dusky  directly  across  the  feather;  whole  lower  sides  and 
flanks  innnaculate,  the  dusky  markings  stopping  at  sides  of  breast. 
Size  about  as  in  N.  boraquira,  but  the  tarsus  shorter  and  the  toes  very 
short.  Type,  unsexed,  wing,  140 ;  tarsus,  29.5 ;  middle  toe  with  claw,  24.5 ; 
exposed  culmen,  16.5. 

27— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (107) 


Vol   XXIII,  pp.  109-110  July  23,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


J.ERA    LONGICORNIS   LUCAS    REFERRED    TO    THE 
GENUS  STENETRIUM. 

BY  HARRIET  RICHARDSON. 

[Collaborator,  Division  of  Marine  Invortobratcs,  U.  S.  National  Museum.] 


In  1849  Henri  Lucas  described  a  new  species  of  Jxra  which 
he  called  J.  longicornis.  Recently  in  referring  to  the  Explora- 
tion Scientifiqiie  de  I'Algerie,  where  the  description  was  pub- 
lished,* I  noticed  that  the  form  does  not  belong  to  the  genus 
Ji£ra  as  now  understood,  but  should  l)e  referred  to  the  genus 
Steiietrium  Has\vell,t  a  genus  described  much  later,  in  1881, 
and  of  which  S.  armatum.  is  the  type. 

In  1886  Bovallius  X  established  the  genus  Jaiiwa  for  Jsera 
longicornis,  and  also  placed  Jsera  filicomis  Gxxxhe  §  in  this  genus. 
Jamna  therefore  must  now  be  considered  a  synonym  of  Stene- 
triiim.  Beddard  ||  also  in  1886  remarks  that  Jfera  longicorixis 
has  been  wrongly  assigned  to  the  genus  Jsera,  but  does  not 
place  it  in  any  other  genus.  Jsera  longicornis  was  first  recorded 
from  Algeria,  but  has  since  been  found  at  Lesina  in  the  Adriatic 
according  to  Heller. H 

Jsera  filicornis  Grube  was  considered  by  Heller  to  be  identical 
with  Jsera  longicornis.  Finally,  in  1893,  Stebbing**  refers  to 
Jamna  longicornis,  thus  recognizing  the  genus  Jamna. 

Dr.  H.  J.  Hansen, tt  in  his  conspectus  of  the  genus  Stenetrium, 
mentions  all  tlie  species  described  before  1905,  but  seems  to  have 

*  I,  p.  66,  IV,  pi.  6,  fig.  4. 

f  Proe.  Linn.  Soc.  New  Soutli  Wales,  V,  p.  470,  pi.  XIX,  fig.  1. 

t  Bihang  till  K.  Svenska  Vet.-Akad.  Handlingar,  XI,  No.  15,  pp.  22-M. 

§Die  Insel  Lussin,  1864,  p.  75. 

II  Challenger  Report,  XVII. 

IT  Verb.  K.  K.  Zool.-bot.  Gesellsch.  in  Wien,  XVI,  1806,  p.  783. 

**  Hist.  Crust.,  1893,  p.  379. 

■h-  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  l',)04.  11,  Pt.  2, 190ri,  i)p.  316-330,  pi.  XIX,  tigs.  2a-'J/(. 

28— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  I'JIO.  (109) 


110  Richardson — Jxra  lunglconiis  Lucas. 

overlooked  Jxra  longicornis  Lucas.  The  new  species  described 
by  him  as  5.  mediterraneum  is  probably  a  synonym  of  Stenetrium 
iJxra)  longicornis,  as  a  comparison  of  the  figures  of  the  two 
authors  will  show. 

Since  the  publication  of  Hansen's  paper,  four  new  species 
have  been  aihhnl  to  the  genus.  Stcnetrhni)  chlltonl  from  Ceylon 
was  described  by  Stebbing  *  in  1905,  and  Nobili  t  in  1907 
described  three  new  species  from  Polynesia.  Stebbing  has 
referred  /S.  Inerme  to  the  genus  Notasellns  PfefTer,  so  that  the 
genus  Stenetrium  now  includes  the  following  thirteen  species: 
5.  armatuvi  Haswell,  »S.  fractum  Chilton,  S.  haswelli  Beddard, 
»S'.  stehbingl  IJichardson,  S.  serratum  Hansen,  S.  occidentale 
Hansen,  S.  avtlllcnse  Hansen,  *S.  siamense  Hansen,  S.  chlltonl 
Stebbing,  »S\  hanseni  Nobili,  .S.  eiicJiinnn  N()I)ili,  S.  ■proximuni 
Nobili,  and  S.  longicornis  (Lucas). 

•  Ceylon  IVarl  Oyster  Fislicrics.  1905.  Pt.  IV,  pp.  55-57. 
iMfiii.  It.  Acail.  Sc.  Torino,  (J),  .57,  l',Kt7,  pp.  -111-417. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  111-114  July  23,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 

r" 

UJ  L  I  E 

OX   THE   SCALES   OF   SOME    MALACOPTERYGIAN  ^^^ 

FISHES. 

BY  T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


In  the  endeavor  to  trace  the  evolution  and  relationsliip  of  tlie 
scales  of  the  Teleosts,  and  through  these  of  the  fishes  themselves, 
it  was  obviously  necessary  to  become  acquainted  with  as  man}- 
as  possible  of  the  families  and  genera  of  that  great  assemblage 
classed  by  Boulenger  as  Malacopterygii,  and  placed  by  him  at 
the  base  of  the  Teleostean  system.  Many  of  the  smaller  Mala- 
copterygian  families,  however,  consist  of  fishes  which  are  rare 
and  difficult  to  obtain,  and  I  could  have  made  little  progress 
but  for  the  great  kindness  of  Dr.  G.  A.  Boulenger  in  sending 
me  scales  of  Notopterus,  Heterotis,  Pantodoyi,  Phractolasmus  and 
Knenia, ''^  aud  of  Dr.  D.  S.  .Jordan  in  contributing  scales  of  CJii- 
rocentrus.  In  some  future  paper  I  hope  to  figure  all  these  scales, 
but  the  results  of  their  examination  are  so  interesting  that  they 
deserve  to  be  put  on  record  without  delay. 

Oslcoghssidx. 

Heterotis  niloticus  Ehrenb.  Large  oval  scales  with  the  exposed  portion 
thick  and  corrugated,  with  a  more  or  less  vermiform  sculpture;  base 
rounded  or  narrowed  (as  in  3Iormyrid;e),  not  at  all  truncate;  radial 
sculpture  throughout  a  large-meshed  network,  quite  in  the  manner  of 
the  Mormyrid?e,  but  better  developed,  and  covering  the  basal  as  well 
as  apical  area;  circuli  resolved  into  granules,  but  in  the  lateral  field 
remaining  as  well  formed  though  monilifoim  lines.  This  is  the  only 
scale  known  to  me,  outside  of  the  Mormyridae,  having  the  true  ]\Ior- 
myrid  form  and  pattern.  Are  we  to  see  in  the  Osteoglossids  the 
ancient  type  from  which  the  IMormyrids  came?  There  is  a  curious 
superficial  similarity  in  the  fishes  themselves;  thus  compare  Mormy- 
rops  with  Osteoglossum,  Dapedoglossus  with  Petrocephalus.     The  dif- 


'  Dr.  Boulenger  notes  that  all  are  from  the  middle  of  the  side,  above  the  lateral  line 
29— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXI II.  UHO.  (Ill) 


112       Cockerell — Scales  of  Some   Malacopterygian  Fishes. 

ferences  in  structure,  however,  are  considerable,  and  I  do  not  wish 
to  suggest  tliat  the  scales  should  count  against  a  positive  opinion  of 
experts  in  fish-anatomy  that  the  suggested  relationship  is  impossible. 
A  chance  to  examine  the  other  three  living  Osteoglossid  genera  is 
of  course  eagerly  awaited. 

Nijtopteridpe. 

Notopierus  afer  Gthr.  Elongate  (oblong)  scales,  with  rounded  corners; 
nuclear  area  far  apicad ;  circuli  extremely  tine,  the  apical  transverse ; 
apical  radii  numerous  but  rudimentary,  wholly  submarginal ;  basal 
radii  about  22,  very  long,  very  well  developed,  the  middle  ones  inclined 
to  be  wavy;  basal  margin  not  at  all  scalloped.  Boulenger  compares 
this  family  with  the  Hiodontida,  and  the  scales  are  of  the  same  gen- 
eral type,  although  readily  separable.  They  do  not  at  all  resemble 
those  of  the  Mormyrids  or  Osteoglossids.  In  general  appearance,  tlie 
Notopterids  are  very  unlike  the  Hiodontids. 

There  is  a  distinct,  even  close,  resemblance  between  the  scales  of 
Nutopterus  and  Gadus.     This  is  singular,  because  the  (ladidfe  are  sup- 
posed to  have  Ijeen  derived  from  some  ]\Iacruroid  form,  and  the  31acru- 
ridie  are  superficially  much  like  the  Notopteridte. 
Macrurid  scaler  I  have  never  seen. 

rantodontidrc. 

Pantodon  huchhohi  Peters.  Scales  subcircular,  with  rounded  but  evident 
laterobasal  angles;  nuclear  area  a  little  apicad  of  the  center;  circuli 
very  well  developed,  the  apical  transverse.  With  a  microscope  it  is 
seen  that  the  lateral  and  basal  circuli  are  moniliform,  the  inner  ones 
actually  broken  into  separable  minute  elements,  while  the  apical  cir- 
culi are  thickened  near  the  nuclear  area,  much  broken  beyond,  and 
lacking  in  the  submarginal  field.  Kadii  few  and  very  strong,  more 
basal  than  apical,  the  latter  more  or  less  branched.  In  the  radii,  and 
general  form,  this  scale  is  like  that  of  the  Alestini  and  the  South  Ameri. 
can  Characinids  of  the  type  of  Erythrinus,  Huplias,  Pyrrltulina, 
Chalceus,  Clialcinus,  etc.  It  is  also  like  one  of  the  groups  of  Barhu-s. 
Boulenger  states  that  the  Pantodontidie  are  closely  allied  to  the  Osteo- 
glossidie;  the  scales  are  very  dissimilar,  and  yet  agree  well  in  the 
character  of  the  circuli,  which  in  both  are  moniliform  or  resolved  into 


granules. 


I'liractuhi'inUUc. 


I'liravtolwmus  ansorgii  Boulenger.  Scales  also  of  the  Alestiform  type, 
with  very  strong  laterobasal  angles  and  few  very  strong  railii;  the 
truncate  base  is  broad  and  crenulated.  The  circuli  are  dense  and 
strong  basally  and  laterally,  but  apically  are  very  remarkable,  every 
third  or  fourth  being  strong  and  conspicuous,  while  those  between 
are  evanescent,  the  whole  being  entirely  longitudinal,  the  strong 
ones  ending  in  short  triangular  teeth  on  the  margin;  between  these 
strong  circuli,, in  the  sul)apical  field,  are  scattered  ^^niall  circular  j)its. 


Cockerell — Scales  of  Some  Malacopterygian  Fislics.       113 

Nowhere  are  the  circuli  at  all  moniliform.  From  the  nucleus  a  radius 
extends  on  each  side  laterally,  and  from  it  spring  three  or  four 
upwardly  directed  radii,  following  the  lines  of  the  apical  circuli;  two 
of  these  apical  radii  may  start  almost  from  the  nucleus.  There  are 
three  or  four  strong  basal  radii. 

It  thus  appears  that  although  the  scales  of  Pantodon  and  Phracto- 
Ixnius  may  both  be  described,  on  superficial  characters,  as  Alestiform, 
they  are  extremely  diflferent  in  detail,  the  whole  system  of  circuli  being 
diverse.     The  scale  of  Phractoliemus  is  incipiently  ctenoid. 

Boulenger  states  tliat  the  Phractolaemidee  are  an  isolated  group, 
nearest  apparently  to  the  Osteoglossidae. 

Kneriidse. 

Knerin  cameronensis  Boulenger.  ]\Iinute  subquadrate  scales  of  a  most 
peculiar  type.  At  the  sides  are  widely  spaced  longitudinal  circuli, 
about  four  in  number,  and  basally  and  apically  are  widely  spaced 
radii ;  between  the  basal  radii  are  numerous  very  irregular  but 
mainly  transverse  broken  lines,  which  seem  to  represent  the  circuli. 
In  the  middle  of  the  scale,  over  a  large  area,  the  radii  and  other 
markings  become  very  strongly  zigzag,  producing  a  very  singular  pat- 
tern. I  do  not  know  anything  like  this,  unless  it  is  the  Rhodeine 
Cyprinidfe,  in  which  the  radii  become  more  or  less  zigzag.  There  is 
a  certain  suggestion  of  Umbra,  but  on  comparison  it  seems  to  be 
fallacious. 

This  family  was  formerly  placed  among  the  Haplomi,  but  in  Bou- 
lenger's  work  on  African  fishes  follows  the  Phractolpemida?.  The 
fishes  have  a  Cobitoid  apiiearance,  but  the  scales  do  not  resemble 
those  of  the  Cobitids. 

Chirocentridse. 

Chirocentrus  dorah  (Forsk.).  Cavite,  Philippine  Islands.  Scales  alto- 
gether Clupeoid,  differing  however  from  all  Clupeidte  seen  in  having 
the  apical  field  with  five  transverse  circuli,  much  less  dense  than 
those  of  the  basal  field,  the  latter  sometimes  evanescent.  Transverse 
radii  as  in  the  Clupeids.  One  scale  is  elongate,  the  long  basal  field 
free  from  circuli,  and  witli  about  twelve  wholly  longitudinal  radii, 
which  do  not  run  to  a  nucleus,  but  connect  with  the  apical  radii. 
This  must  be  abnormal. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  115-122  July  23,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


DESCRIPTION    OF    A    NEW    SOLITARY    SPADEFOOT 

(SCAPHIOPUS  HURTERII)  FROM  TEXAS,  WITH 

OTHER  PIERPETOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

BY  JOHN  K.  STKECKER,  JR. 

Baylor  Umversitv,  \V.\co,  Texas. 


Cope  and  otlier  herpetological  writers  have  included  the 
eastern  half  of  the  State  of  Texas  in  the  range  of  the  Solitary 
Spadefoot  {Sraphinptis  hnlbroohii  Harlan),  hut  have  cited  no 
definite  localities  for  specimens. 

In  June,  1904,  the  present  writer  captured  a  spadefoot  of 
this  type  near  Refugio,  Refugio  County,  and  recorded  it  as  a 
"  typical  example  of  -S.  holbrookii,^^  hut  later  was  uncertain  as 
to  whether  he  was  justified  in  inserting  the  word  typical.  In 
as  much  as  this  specimen  possessed  the  conspicuous  i)arotoid 
glands,  distinct  tympanum,  and  in  a  way,  general  appearance 
of  the  eastern  species,  in  these,  particulars  diflfering  from 
S'aphiopus  rourhii  B.  and  G.  and  »S.  hainmondii,  Baird  of  the 
Sonoran  and  Central  Zoological  districts,  the  reference  was,  in 
a  measure,  correct.  On  the  other  hand  it  differed  from 
holhrookil  in  many  particulars,  l)eing  cliaracterized  hy  a 
peculiarly  narrow  and  compact  form,  for  a  Scaphiopiis,  and 
possessing  a  remarkahly  short  and  hlunt  head. 

On  the  night  of  April  13,  1910,  while  collecting  toads  in  and 
around  temporary  hreeding  pools  on  an  elm  flat  about  3i  miles 
east  of  the  city  of  A\'aco,  I  captured  a  second  example  of  the 
same  type.  By  the  dim  light  of  a  lantern  I  was  at  firs't  under 
the  impression — on  account  of  its  greenish  coloration,  tubercu- 
lar upper  surfaces  and  high  round  parotoids — that  I  had 
captureil  a  large  Blc^o  pnnrtatus  B.  and  G.,  and  did  not  realize 
the  importance  of  my  find  until  after  I  had  reached  the  house 
on  my  return. 

30— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  U15) 


116     Strecker — A  New  Spadefoot  ivith  Other  Herpetological  Notes. 

The  temporary  pools  on  the  flats  were  swarming  witli 
common  toads,  Itut  the  spadefoot,  a  single  Lithodytcs  latrans 
Cope  and  a  large  smooth-skinned  Ilj/la  were  found  hopping 
around  among  dead  leaves  a  j'ard  or  more  from  the  water. 
Before  reaching  these  pools  I  could  distinguish  the  voices  of 
the  common  toad,  the  narrow-mouthed  toad  {Engj/stoma  texense 
Girard)  and  a  spadefoot.  If  other  specimens  of  the  latter  were 
present  they  concealed  themselves  so  effectually  that  I  was 
unable  to  discover  them. 

This  type  of  spadefoot  must  be  exceedingly  rave  in  Texas. 
I  have  collected  and  examined  hundreds  of  Scaphiopus  in  several 
sections  of  the  State,  Init  with  the  exception  of  the  two  above 
mentioned,  all  have  been  specimens  of  S.  couchli. 

I  am  fully  satisfied  after  making  careful  comparisons  between 
mj''  specimens  and  examples  of  Scaphiopus  hoi  hrooki  if  roin  North 
Carolina  that  the  Texan  form  is  a  distinct  species.  It  requires 
comparison  only  with  the  eastern  spadefoot,  from  which  it  may 
be  distinguished  by  its  more  compact  form,  narrow  head,  blunt 
muzzle,  unusually  high  parotoids,  smaller  palmar  tubercles  and 
shorter  hind  limbs.  The  sides,  buttocks,  tibia  and  posterior 
portion  of  the  abdomen  are  covered  with  tubercles  instead  of 
being  almost  perfect)}'  smooth.  The  tuljercles  on  the  U])per 
surfaces  are  more  uniform  in  size. 

I  dedicate  this  interesting  species  to  Mr.  Julius  Hurter,  the 
well-known  herpetologist  of  St.  Louis,  ^lissouri,  in  recognition 
of  his  generosity  and  encouragement  to  me  in  my  herpetological 
studies. 

Scaphiopus  hurterii  sp.  iiov. 

Plate  II,  figures  3  and  4. 

Type  from  Waco,  Texa^  C^^4  miles  east).  No.  4179,  Baylor  Fuiversity 
Collection.    Adult  nuile.    April  1.".,  1910.    Collected  by  J.  K.  Strecker,  Jr. 

Habitat. — Eastern  half  of  Texas. 

Material. — One  siicciiiicu  from  Kcfugio,  Texas,  in  additinn  to  tlu> 
type. 

Description.  —  Size  medium.  i.enj;th  of  liead  and  body,  (i7  nun.  Head 
short,  length  al)out  equal  t<i  widtii.  (  In  holbrookii  the  head  at  augle  of 
jaws  is  much  wider  tiian  lung.)  Snout  heavy  and  l)hmt,  nut  exteuding 
beyond  the  mouth.  I'arotoids  nearly  round,  higher  aud  ev(>n  more  con- 
spicuous than  in  tlie  eastern  spei'ies.  Tympajuiui  distiuet  l)ut  rather 
smaller  tlian  iu  liolhrookii.  (In  tyin-  iiardly  more  tliau  lialf  the  diameter 
of  the  parotoid.)  Crown  distinctly  rugose.  No  black  granules  in  space 
between  and  in  front  of  the  eyes.     Upper  surfaces  with  small,  closely  .set 


Pkoc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  I'Jlo. 


Plate  II. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  :J. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  1.  Eagysloina  arcolala  .'^troclvcr. 

Fig.  2.  Eumeces  pachyurus  (ope. 

Figs.  3  and  4.  Scaphiopus  hurteril  Sirvcki'i-.  now  species. 


Strecker — A  New  Spadcfoot  and  Other  Herpetologiccd  Notes.     117 

tuhert'les  very  imil'orni  in  size  and  (ILstribution.  Many  tubercles  on  sides, 
buttocks  and  posterior  portion  of  the  abdomen.  ^lany  pustules  on  upper 
surface  111"  tibia.  Glands  on  thorax  present,  conspicuous.  Enlargements 
re -emi)lino;  glands  on  inferior  surface  of  femur  (present  in  both  speci- 
mens). Spade-like  process  of  foot  narrowly  margined  with  black. 
Palmar  tubercles  rather  small.  Fingers  slender.  Tibia  about  equal  to 
that  of  S.  huthrookii  but  femur  and  foot  much  shorter. 

Color  above,  pale  grei'nish,  with  a  pale  yellowish  line  from  each  orbit; 
these  converge  again  on  tlie  coccyx.  Upjx^r  surface  of  head  and  area 
t)etween  the  light  lines,  dark  plumbeous.  Parotoids  olive.  Sides  of  head 
and  under  surfaces  yellowish-white. 

The  Pefugio  specimen  is  slightly  smaller.  (Length  (jo  mm.)  Colora- 
tion in  life  darker.  Greenish  above,  light  lines  inconspicuous.  In  form 
and  other  important  characteristics  resembling  the  type. 

Engy stoma  areolata  Strecker.* 

Plate  II,  figure  1. 

The  specimen  illustrateil  is  a  catype  (Baylor  University  Collection  Xo. 
4080)  from  A'ictoria  County,  Texas.  The  figure,  which  is  from  a  worked 
over  photograph,  gives  a  very  fair  idea  of  the  general  appearance  of  this 
rough-skinned,  brightly  marked  little  toad. 

Hyla  versicolor  chrysoscelis  Cope. 

Hylafrmoralis  chri/so^iveU.^  Cope,  P.ull.  U.  S.  Nat'l  Mus.,  No.  17,  1880, 
p.  20. 

Cope's  brief  description  of  this  variety  is  as  follows:  "  Hyla  femoralis 
Daudin.  A  specimen  larger  than  the  largest  individuals  I  have  previously 
seen;  differs  also  in  the  greater  extent  of  the  palmation  of  the  fingers, 
and  in  the  coloration  of  the  concealed  surface  of  the  femur.  In  eastern 
specimens  the  |)osterior  surface  of  the  feniur  is  brown,  with  rather  small 
yellow  spots;  in  this  form  it  is  yellow,  with  a  blackish  cc^rse  reticulation, 
which  only  extends  to  the  lower  surface  on  the  proximal  half  of  the 
thigh.  The  sides  have  a  double  row  of  small  black  spots,  which  enclose 
a  yellow  band.  This  is  probably  a  subspecies  and  may  be  distinguished 
by  the  name  of  c7i/-//-s'o.sc('//'.s.  Gne  siiecimen  as  large  as  a  large  Hyla  versi- 
color was  taken  by  Mr.  Boll  near  Dallas." 

A  number  of  tree-frogs  obtained  by  Combs  at  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas, 
were  identified  as  HijUi  chrysuxceUs  by  Dr.  Stejneger.  In  the  latter's 
letter  to  Mr.  C.  S.  Brindey,  who  sent  him  the  specimens,  attention  was 
called  to  the  fact  that  clirysoscclis  is  related  to  versicolor  and  not  to 
femorali's.  Several  Hi/las  collected  at  Waco,  Texas,  a  year  or  two  later 
agreed  in  all  important  characters  with  those  from  Hot  Springs.  Miss 
Dickerson,  in  her  "  Frog  Book,"  ignores  this  subspecies  but  records  Hyla 
femoralis  from  Texas  on  the  authority  of  Cope! 

It  seems  strange  to  me  that  Cope  should  refer  this  form  to  feiiwrolis, 
even  as  a  variety.  It  clearly  indicates  to  my  mind  that  the  type  must 
have  been  a  sninoth-skinnetl  animal,  in  this  respect  resembling  Daudin's 
species. 

*  Proc.  Biol,  Soc,  Wash.,  1909,  XXII  :  118. 


118     Strecher — A  New  ^padefoot  icith  Other  Kerpetotogieat  Xotffi. 

Hyla  versicolor  dirysoscclis  is  certainly  wortliy  of  a  subspecitic  name, 
although  the  one  given  by  its  author  is  hardly  fitting.  The  retieTilation 
of  the  femur  he  describes  is  a  common  character  of  western  examples  of 
versicolor.  It  agrees  Avith  femontlis  in  having  a  smooth  skin  but  in  no 
other  important  cliaracter.  Hyla  ffmoralis  is  a  smaller  frug,  lacks  tlie 
light  spot  under  the  eye  so  characteristic  of  rfir.f/co/or  and  di Hers  in  the 
extent  of  the  palmation  of  the  fingers.  It  also  has  a  dark  line  through 
the  eye  and  ear  not  present  in  versicolor. 

Chrysoscelis  differs  from  versicolor  in  having  the  skin  of  tiie  U])])er  sur- 
faces almost  perfectly  smooth,  only  a  few  tubercles  being  present  along 
the  margin  of  the  snout  and  on  the  eyelids.  Tlie  light  s))ot  under  the 
eye,  in  living  specimens,  is  invariably  yellow.  The  color  ]iattern  is  nnuh 
the  same  as  in  tlie  typical  subspecies. 

This  spring  I  found  this  tree-frog  breeding  in  small  rock-hound  pools 
in  a  gravel  pit.  The  tadpoles  were  light  yellow.  Specimens  collected 
April  21st  had  the  hind-lindjs  well  developed. 

Eumeces  pachyurus  Cope. 

Plate  II,  figure  2. 

This  skink  was  described  by  Cope*  from  a  single  example  collected  by 
Jacob  Boll  near  Dallas,  Texas.  According  to  the  author,  the  specimen 
had  been  temporarily  mislaid  and  he  was  unable  to  give  a  figure  of  it. 
The  same  statement  is  repeated  in  his  monumental  posthumous  work  on 
the  Crocodilians,  Lizards  and  Snakes  ))ul)lished  by  the  National  .Museum 
in  1898.     Xo  other  specimen  has  since  been  ](laced  on  rec(jrd. 

On  Ajiril  (i,  1910,  I  stirred  a  small  dark  i)rown  lizard  with  two  light 
lateral  lines  on  each  side,  from  among  some  drift  material  which  had 
accumulated  at  the  base  of  an  Ojiuutia  lejitocaulis,  in  a  woodetl  pasture 
about  3  miles  east  of  the  city  of  Waco.  It  was  very  agile  in  its  movements 
but  I  succeeded  in  capturing  it  before  it  could  enter  its  burrow  under  the 
roots  of  the  Oj>unlla.  As  it  was  the  first  Eimiecis  of  its  type  that  I  had 
ever  seen,  I  redoubled  my  efforts  ami  a  few  minutes  later  brought  another 
specimen  to  light  from  under  a  mass  of  dead  leaves  only  al)out  a  yard 
away.  This  one  also  attempted  to  enter  a  burrow  at  the  base  of  an 
0/iuntio,  hut  its  movements  were  much  slower  than  those  of  the  other 
example,  its  weak  lindis  appealing  to  be  of  little  .-service  in  carrying  for- 
ward its  long  body  and  heavy,  thick  tail.  This  specimen  was  nnich 
larger  than  the  first  one  and  was  ajiparently  a  well-grown  adult.  The 
color  was  nmch  lighter  hut  the  color  jiattern  was  identical. 

The  soil  of  the  pasture  is  sandy  ami  the  lizards  were  captured  on  the 
side  of  a  draw  which  carries  the  water  from  the  truck  farm  above  down 
to  a  small  slough  nearly  an  eighth  of  a  mile  below.  On  both  sides  of  the 
draw  are  thick  growths  (jf  .scrubby  tree- — (Jiiercus  hreviloha,  limns  alala, 
Gleditsia  Iriacanthos  and  Jimi/irr  saliinoiiles.  ()puntias,  both  h'litocaulis 
and  the  common  heavy-stemmed  variety,  grow  around  the  bases  of  these 
trees.  Specimens  of  Lelolepisma  latenile  Say  and  Ilnhh'it  siriatula  Linn, 
were  also  found  under  the  roots  of  the.se  plants,  but  although  I  spent  live 
days  in  the  vicinity,  I  was  unable  to  find  any  more  examples  of  the  skink. 

•Bull.  L'.  S.  Nat'l  Mus..  No.  17,  isso,  p.  lii,  .-39. 


Strerker — A  Nciv  Spadcfooi  uith  Other  Iterpdologlnd  Kotes.     110 

Following  are  descriptions  of  my  two  .specimens  which  I  refer  to  Cope's 
lost  Eumecpx  pnrJn/iirus. 

(1)  No.  41^-^  ailult.  LtMiy,tli  of  head  and  l)ody,  ()7  mm.;  vent  to  tip 
of  tail,  SS  nnn.;  fmm  car  to  mu/zle,  I'Jmm.;  of  hind  lind).  i:^  mm.;  of 
fore  limit,  Ki  mm.  Tail  \nu^  and  thick,  slightly  depre-se<l  at  hase,  not 
perfectly  cylindrical  for  first  ]'2  nnn.  of  length;  24  mm.  in  circumference 
for  first  2.3  mm.  of  lengtii.  (Measurement  around  body  at  insertion  of 
fore  lind)S  only  :!0  nnn.) 

No  postnasal  plate.  Anterior  loreal  elevated,  as  high  as  long,  and 
reaching  the  tran.sverse  interfrontonasal  plate,  as  in  the  tyjie.  Other 
headplates  as  in  original  description  of  the  species.  Color  above,  light 
brown.  Head  and  njiper  labials  olive.  Inconspicuous  dark  borders  to 
labials,  Underparts  white  (pure  white  on  throat  and  chin — bluish  white 
posteriorly).  Two  narrow  light  lines  on  each  side;  white  in  color  and 
with  the  enclo.sed  area  l»etween  each  jjair  black.  A  narrow  black  border 
above  upper  and  below  lower  light  stripes.  The  dark  area  between  the 
lateral  lines  occupying  one  whole  and  two  half  scales.  Six  scales  between 
the  two  upper  light  lines  which  extend  to  within  'AO  mm.  of  the  end  of  the 
tail.  A  few  scattered  dorsal  scales  are  black  spotted  (27  in  40  mm.  of 
length),  l.imbs  smaller  than  in  examples  of  Enmeces  brecilint'otas  Cope 
and  E.  trlrngrdmmns  Baird  of  approximately  the  same  size.  (.''^I'^vs 
noticeably  smaller  and  weaker  than  in  an  example  of  telragrannnns  only 
00  mm.  in  length  (head  and  Ijody ).  Rows  of  scales,  2(j.  No  dark  borders 
to  any  of  the  dorsal  scales. 

(2)  No.  4113,  jnv.  Body  heavier  than  in  examples  of  Li'iolrpisma  hde- 
r((le  of  medium  size  but  length  about  equal.  Tail  short,  thick  at  l)a.>^e, 
length  about  equal  to  head  and  Ijody.  Color  above,  rich  brown,  tinged 
with  bronze  in  the  living  animal.  Each  dorsal  scale  with  a  dusky  spot  at 
base.  Upper  surfaces  of  limits  dark  brown.  Lateral  light  lines  yellow, 
enclosed  area  coal  black.  Cnderparts  l>luish,  excepting  on  chin  and 
throat,  which  are  white.  A  heavy  Itlack  line  above  upper  light  stripe;  a 
dusky  line  along  lower  border  of  lower  light  stripe.  Tlie  immatui^ty  of 
this  specimen  will  account  for  its  rich  dark  coloration  and  tlie  ditierence 
in  the  proportions  of  the  tail.  Cojte  states  that  in  the  young  E.  letra- 
graiiniiits  the  sides  and  limits  are  scarcely  darker  than  the  back,  which  is 
certainly  not  the  case  in  the  young  of  the  present  species. 

For  comparison  with  these  specimens  I  had  examples  of  the  following 
species  of  skinks  fntm  Texas:  Eumeces  qu'inqurHneatus  Linn.,  E.  obsohtus 
B.  &.  (jr.,  E.  gnttulntitx  Hallowell,  E.  nuiltirlrgatns  Hallowell,  E.  anthra- 
ciniis  Baird,  E.  brerlliueatas  Cope  and  E.  dtragratnmus  Baird. 

Alligator  mississippiensis  Dandin. 

The  Texan  range  of  the  alligator  is  yearly  becoming  more  restricted.  In 
an  attempt  to  outline  its  present  distribution  I  have  Ijeen  greatly  handi- 
capped by  a  lack  of  definite  locality  records  but  I  occasionally  come  into 
possession  of  .some  data  of  real  value.  Recently,  Mr.  Turner  Hubby  and 
two  other  gentlemen  killed  a  nine-foot  specimen  in  a  marsh  along  the 
Trinity  River,  about  three  miles  south  of  Dallas.     In  1909  a  German  boy 


120     Strcckci — A  AVin  Spadrfoot  n-ith  Cthcr  Herpetological  Notes. 

caught  a  two-foot  fxaiiii>lt'  on  the  Bo.sque  lliwr,  about  live  miles  north 
of  Waco.  In  February  of  this  year  a  specimen  'A^  feet  in  length  was 
caught  on  a  honk  on  a  "trot"  line  in  the  IJrazo-^  Uiver  not  over  a  mile 
south  of  AVaeo. 

The  Waco  specimens  may  ])os<il>ly  have  escaped  from  captivity  but 
^Ir.  Hubt)y  informs  me  that  tlie  Dallas  specimen  liad  every  appearance 
of  being  an  old  residenter  and  was  killed  in  a  form  among  drift  material 
which  it  had  i)robal>ly  occupied  for  some  time. 

Zamenis  constrictor  flaviventris  Say. 

The  western  vai-iety  of  the  blue  racer  or  black  snake  is  very  variable  in 
color.  A  specimen  (ill'  mm.  in  lengtli,  collected  near  Waco  l)y  Dr.  J.  L. 
Kesler,  repre.'^ents  the  transition  stage  between  the  spotted  (young)  i)hai-e 
antl  the  jtlaiu  colored  adult  and  is  worthy  of  description. 

Color  above,  olive  green,  darkest  on  dorsal  region.  Head  brownish- 
olive,  unspotted.  Iris  yellow.  Upper  surface  of  body  with  black  spots 
on  the  scales,  the-^e  disappearing  on  the  ))Osterior  sixth  of  its  length. 
These  spots  form  broken  rhomboids  along  the  dorsal  line  and  are  edged 
with  chestnut.  <>uly  about  two  nut  of  every  four  scales  show  the  black 
coloration.  On  separating  the  scales  on  the  lateral  portion  of  the  body, 
the  skin  shows  l)lack  underneath.  Along  the  lateral  line  (rather,  point 
of  division)  every  other  scale  is  marked  with  a  black  i\eck.  Tlie  chin, 
upper  and  lower  labials  and  anteorldtal  scales  are  pure  white.  Under- 
parts  light  yellow,  changing  to  white  in  the  anal  region  aud  on  the  tail. 
From  two  to  four  blackish  spots,  surrounded  by  pink,  on  i-ach  gastrostege. 
U[)per  surface  of  tail  brownish-olive,  unspotted.  Superior  lal)ials  7-7. 
Ventrals  175.  This  s|iecimen  coml)ini>s  the  characters  of  the  eastern  and 
western  subspecies.  In  anotlu'r  s})ecimeu  4o(l  mm.  in  length  the  doi-sal 
blotches  were  bright  n-d. 

Coluber  emoryi  B.  it  <i. 

Two  examples  of  this  species  were  recentlj'  captureil  near  Waco  and  are 
now  in  the  Baylor  T/niversity  ('ollection.  The  first,  an  adult  i)40  nun.  in 
total  length,  was  sent  in  alive  and  was  the  most  pugnacious  snake  that  I 
have  ever  handled.  When  first  rec(Mved  it  was  in  sfilendid  condition, 
indicating  that  it  hail  taken  food  ipiitc  recently,  .\liout  tiie  end  of  the 
third  week  of  its  captivity  it  became  restless  and  an  examination  disclosed 
the  fact  that  it  was  preiniring  to  shed  its  skin.  Thinking  to  hasten  the 
operation,  I  oH'ered  it  eggs,  mice,  toails  and  li/.ards  but  it  absolutely  re- 
fused to  accept  anything  in  the  way  of  food.  ( )ne  morning  about  a  wt'ck 
later  I  found  it  deail  in  its  cage,  with  the  skin  of  the  side-  loosiMied  in 
patches  and  the  new  skin  underneath  oidy  partially  formed. 

The  second  examjyle  was  a  young  female  about  4(t(i  nun.  in  length.  ISoth 
were  captured  on  a  |)rairic  farm  some  live  or  six  miles  from  the  city.  (>nr 
common  Colaber  (C.  nhsulctnK  coujiuus  H.  ik  ( J. ,  according  to  A.  F.  i!rown 
or  C.  spiloides  D.  ct  B.  according  to  Cojje)  inhaiiits  tindiered  districts 
and  is  a  better  dispositioned  snake. 


Strecker — A  New  Spadefoot  with  Other  Herpetological  Notes.     121 

Terrapene  Carolina  triunguis  (Agassiz). 

This  box  tortoise  inhabits  the  eastern  lialf  of  Texas,  but  is  by  no 
means  common.  Examples  have  been  recorded  from  Colmesneil,  Tyler 
County  (C.  S.  Brimley),  Demings  Bridge,  Matagorda  County  (S.  W. 
Garman),  Gainesville,  Cooke  County  (F.  W.  Cragin),  and  San  Antonio, 
Bexar  County  (H.  C.  Yarrow).  Last  October  Prof.  J.  L.  Kesler  found 
a  specimen  in  Gurley's  l)ottom,  two  miles  south  of  Waco.  It  was  con- 
cealed in  a  patch  of  tall  weeds  and  was  discovered  only  by  accident. 
Since  its  capture  it  has  been  confined  in  a  small  enclosure.  It  spent  the 
winter  in  a  shallow  cavity  in  the  hard  ground,  under  cover  of  a  mass  of 
dry  moss  and  weeds. 

It  is  an  adult.  The  shell  is  unsymmetrical,  the  plates  on  tlie  right  side 
being  much  wider  and  longer  than  those  on  the  left.  Carapace  above, 
olive,  without  traces  of  the  usual  oVjscure  markings  of  this  subspecies. 
Keel  distinct.  Neural  plates  indistinctly  margined  with  black.  A  black 
spot  at  Ijase  of  each- marginal.  Plastron  light  yellow,  the  plates  mar- 
gined with  black.  Top  of  head  light  chocolate.  Iris  orange  red.  Upi)er 
jaw,  chin  and  throat,  liglit  yellow.  A  few  scattered  scales  on  throat 
orange  red.  I'pper  surfaces  of  limbs  light  chocolate.  Inner  surfaces  of 
fore-limbs  orange  red.     Hind  foot  with  three  toes. 

Waco  is  well  within  the  range  of  this  animal,  and  it  seems  strange  that 
it  should  have  been  so  long  overlooked. 


'e 


Aspidonectes  emoryi  Agassiz. 

"  Though  this  species  is  closely  related  to  the  southeastern  soft-shelled 
turtle  (  T.  ferox)  there  ar3  no  tubercles  on  the  front  margin  of  the  cara- 
pace "—Ditmars,  "The  Reptile  Book,"  X.  Y.,  1007,  p.  78. 

I  beg  to  diflfer  from  ]\Ir.  Ditmars  and  others  who  have  made  the  same 
distinction.  I  have  adult  examples  of  ^l.  emonjl  which  have  from  14  to 
18  conical  tu])ercles  on  the  front  margin  of  the  carapace.  Dr.  Siehenrock 
referred  a  specimen  of  this  type  (labeled  by  me  A.  emonji)  to  A.  spinifer 
but  afterward  changed  his  opinion  and  recorded  it  under  its  correct 
name.  I  have  young  examples  4  inches  in  length  in  which  the  tubercles 
are  alreaily  in  process  of  formation  and  are  represented  liy  very  small 
round  knobs.  * 

In  Aspidonectes  ferox  the  carapace  is  olive  or  brownisli  olive  with  dull 
blotches  or  black  rings;  m  nnoryi  it  is  olive  with  numerous  white  dots. 
In  the  former  species  young  specimens  and  adults  differ  in  coloration; 
in  the  latter  they  are  similar.  A.  ferox  is  much  the  larger  turtle.  Both 
species  occur  in  some  localities  in  the  eastern  half  of  Texas  (Brownsville 
[Yarrow],  Bullhide  Creek,  McLennan  County  [Baylor  Univ.  Coll.]). 


Vol.  XXlll,  pp.  123-124  September  2,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


7^ 


GENERAL   NOTES. 


J'i^' 


NOTES  ON  SOME  N.OIES  OF  LIONS. 


The  names  for  tliree  snbsiiecie.s  of  lions,  Fells  leo  barharus  for  tlie  animal 
of  extreme  northern  Africa,  Felis  Jeo  persicus  for  the  form  found  in  western 
Asia,  and  Felin  h'o  senecjnlensis  for  the  Senegal  Lion,  have  lieretofore  <lated 
from  Fischer's  "  Synop.-is  ]\ramnialium,"  1829.  Through  the  courtesy  of 
Dr.  C.  W.  Richmond  I  have  been  able  to  examine  a  work  by  J.  N.  von 
^leyer,  published  in  ^'ienna  about  August  1,  ISi'G,  in  which  all  three  of 
these  forms  are  properly  named  and  diagnosed.  Fortunately  the  names 
here  used  are  exactly  the  same  as  those  in  current  use,  witli  the  exception 
of  the  first,  which  is  given  as  harhnricus  instead  of  barharus.  The  title  of 
the  work  is  as  follows:  "Dissertatio  inauguralis  anatomico-medica  de 
Genere  Felium,"  etc.,  by  Joannes  Nep.  nobilis  de  Meyer.  There  can  be 
no  po.s.«ible  doubt  as  to  the  time  of  publication  as  the  introduction  is  dated 
July  12,  182G,  and  the  title  page  advertises  a  discussion  at  the  Vienna 
University  for  August  5,  1826.  The  descriptions  occur  on  page  (i.  These 
three  subsjiecies  of  the  lion  will  stand  as  Fdis  Jeo  harhnricus  ]\Ieyer,  type 
locality  Barbary ;  Felis  leo  persicus  Meyer,  type  locality  Per.'^ia;  and  Feli.-< 
leo  senegiileusis  ^leyev,  type  locality  Senegal. 

The  lion  of  the  Cape  Region  of  South  Africa  was  llrst  named  by  Fischer 
in  his  "Synopsis  ^Mammalium,"  p.  565,  1829,  as  Felis  leo  var  e  capensis, 
and  was  later  recognized  as  a  distinct  species  by  Fitzinger  (Sitzb.  Akad. 
Wiss.,  LVIII,  p.  436,  1868),  who  called  it  Leo  capensis.  The  form 
nowadays  is  generally  considered  a  subspecies,  under  the  name  Felis  leo 
capensis.  The  name  Felis  capensis  was,  however,  previously  used  by 
F'orster  (Thil.  Trans.  R.  Soc,  LXII,  p.  1,  1781)  and  (imelin  (Syst.  Nat., 
I,  p.  81,  1788)  for  the  .'^erval  of  .South  Africa.  The  name  caprnsi.'t  obvinusly 
can  not  be  used  for  any  form  of  the  lion. 

A  valid  specific  name  for  the  Cape  Lion  is  found  in  the  Leo  melano- 
chaitus  of  Charles  Hamilton  Smith  in  his  "  Introduction  to  Mammalia," 
Jardine's  Naturalists  Library,  Vol.  XV,  second  edition,  i)age  177,   1858. 

On  plate  X  this  name  occurs  as  Felis  (Leo)  melanochoetiis.  As  in 
another  instance  in  the  same  work  tlie  engraver  is  evidently  responsilili' 
for  this  dili'erence  in  the  spelling  of  the  specific  name  on  the  plate.  T\\v 
('a])e  Lion  will  therefore  stand  as  Felis  mclanocJiaitati  (Smith). 

— V.  IloUister. 
;n— rnoc.  isioi..  soc.  w.vsn.,  Vol..  xxiir,  r.nd.  ui-'O) 


124  General  Notes. 

THE  rSE  OF  EPIMYS  IX  A  GENERIC  REXSE. 

In  his  recent  paper  on  the  fienus  name  of  the  rats  (Proc.  Biol.  Soc. 
AVashington,  Vol.  XXIII,  p.  o7)  Mr.  G.  S.  Miller  appears  to  be  under 
the  impression  that  he  is  the  first  to  recuscitate  Dr.  Trouessart'ssubgeneric 
name  Epiniys  and  to  employ  it  in  a  treneric  sense.  This,  however,  is  not 
the  case,  for  Dr.  K.  A.  Satunin  employed  the  name  Epimys  norwegicus 
for  the  brown  rat  on  pages  19  and  71  of  a  paper  in  Vol.  IV  of  Mitteilungen 
des  Kaukasischen  Museums,  Tifiis,  1908.  I  may  add  that  if  it  is  considered 
necessary  to  separate  the  rats  from  the  mice  under  a  distinct  name,  in 
my  opinion  subgeiieric  rank  is  sutHcient;  so  that  we  should  have  JIiis 
(Epimys)  norvegicus  and  M.  (E.)  rattus,  as  originally  proposed  by 
Trouessart. 

— 7'.  LydeJcker. 

IXCUBATIOX  PERIOD  OF  BOX-TURTLE  EGGS. 

So  few  data  have  been  published  on  the  sul)ject,  that  it  seems  advisable 
to  record  the  following  observations:  A  box-turtle  {Terrapene  Carolina) 
was  found  June  10,  1908,  depositing  its  eggs  on  the  south  side  of  a  higli 
dry  knoll  at  Viresco,  Ya.  The  eggs  had  not  hatched  August  2'^,  but  on 
August  20  the  young  had  dug  their  way  to  the  surface  and  left  behind 
them  the  fragments  of  the  shells.  The  period  of  incubation  was  therefore 
70-72  days. 

—  Wells   W.  Cooke. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp    125-126  September  2,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


A  NEW  MUSKRAT  FROM  THE  GREAT  PLAINS. 
BY  N.  TIOLLISTER. 


Tlic  muskrat  of  tlie  (ircnt  Plains  region  of  the  Avestorn  United 
States  ])V(>\\'S  to  he  one  of  tlie  best  characterized  forms  in  the 
groui). 

Fiber  zibethicus  cinnamominus  snl)si).  nuv. 

Tijife  from  Wakcvncy,  Trego  County,  Kansas.  No.  |5|f  Merriam 
Collection.  c?  adult,  skin  and  skull.  Collected  I)y  A.  P..  Baker, 
January  14,  1SS7. 

General  characters. — Smaller  than  Fiber  z.  zihet]iici(s  or  Fiber  c. 
osoi/ooxen,sis  ;  larger  than  F.  z.  ripensis.  Coloration  pale,  with  much 
more  reddish  in  hoth  fresh  and  Avashed  out  pelage  tlian  any  of  these 
forms.  Skull  smaller  than  that  of  zibethicus  or  osoyoosrnsis,  with  smaller 
teeth. 

Color. — Fresh  pelage:  Upperparts  and  sides  cinnamon  brown,  dorsal 
area  only  sliglitly  darker,  with  few  black  liairs.  Nose  to  foreiiead  and 
eyes  seal  brown.  Cheeks  and  underparts  creamy  clay  coh^r,  lighter  on 
neck,  throat,  and  inner  sides  of  legs.  A  very  small  brown  spot  on  chin. 
Feet  drab;  nails  yellowish;  tail  dark  brown.  AVorn  or  washed  out 
pelage:  A'arying  from  wood  brown  to  russet.  Specimens  in  the  short- 
haired  early  fall  pelage  are  the  darkest,  and  those  in  extreme  faded  early 
summer  coat  are  the  lightest. 

Skull  and  teeth. — Skull  smaller  than  that  of  Fiber  z.  zibethicua,  Avith 
smaller  teeth  ;  larger  than  that  of  F.  :.  ripensis.  Compared  Avith  skulls 
of  zibethicus  it  has  a  proi)ortionally  shorter  and  heavier  rostrum,  accom- 
panied by  a  shortening  and  widening  of  the  nasals. 

Measureynents. — The  type  s])ecimen  is  without  flesh  measurements. 
Two  other  specimens  from  the  type  locality  measure:  Total  length, 
4S9;  50:>;  tail  vertebrae,  287;  24:).  AA'erage  of  hind  foot  in  twenty-one 
specimens  from  various  localities  on  the  Great  Plains,  7:].o.  Skull  of 
type:    Basal  length,  55. U  (5(5.;))*;  zygomatic  breadth,  34  (35.5);  palatal 

* Measureiiients  in  parenthesos  arc  the  avcragos  of  five  skulls  of  adults  from  the 
type  locality. 

;VJ— I'Kor.  IJioi..  Sor.  Wash.,  Vol..  .\XIII,  1910.  (V-'.")) 


126         HoUister — A  Neiv  Muskratfrom  the  Great  Plains. 

lengtli,  ',]o  C'o.o);  length  of  nasals,  lil..)  (lil..));  breadth  of  nasals,  8.(> 
(8.!>)  alveolar  length  of  upper  molar  series,  14.1*  (15). 

Remarks. — This  is  the  mnskrat  of  the  prairie  streams  and  sloughs  of 
the  interior  (Ireat  Plains  region.  In  color  it  exhibits  the  maximum 
amount  of  reddish,  and,  with  the  exception  of  Fiber  z.  pallidus  of 
Arizona,  the  minimum  amount  of  black.  It  intergrades  with  Fiber  z. 
zibetliicns  and  Fiber  z.  osoyoosensis  on  the  borders  of  the  Great  Plains, 
^ly  thanks  are  due  to  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam  for  the  privilege  of  describing 
this  form  from  his  collection. 

Specimens  referable  to  this  subspecies  have  been  examined  from 
southern  Manitoba,  North  and  South  Dakota,  eastern  INIontana  and 
AVyoming,  Nebraska,  eastern  Colorado,  Iowa,  Kansas  and  northern  Texas. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  127-130  September  2,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


URSUS  SHELDONI,  A  NEW  BEAR  FROM  MONTAGUE'^ 

ISLAND,  ALASKA. 

BY  C.  HART  MERRIAM. 


Since  it  is  not  likely  that  my  work  on  the  American  Bears 
will  be  completed  during  the  present  year  it  seems  desirable  to 
])lace  on  record  the  description  of  a  large  and  remarkable  new 
species  from  Montague  Island,  Alaska,  of  which  five  specimens 
of  both  sexes  and  different  ages  Avere  obtained  in  May,  1005, 
by  Charles  Sheldon;  and  three  additional  specimens  in  l'.)()S  l)y 
Miss  Annie  M.  Alexander,  all  of  whicli  have  been  generously 
placed  at  my  disposal  for  study. 

Montague  Island  lies  in  the  western  part  of  the  mouth  of 
Prince  William  Sound,  in  latitude  GO  degrees,  only  al)out  20 
miles  distant  from  th(!  east  shore  of  Kenai  Peninsula — the  home 
of  UrsHS  kenaiensis.  It  is  not  surprising  therefore  that  the 
iNIontague  Island  bear  proves  to  be  related  to  kcnnie7isis.  The 
two  together  form  a  group  quite  apart  from  all  the  other  known 
species. 

It  is  peculiarly  fitting  that  the  Montague  Island  bear  should 
be  named  in  honor  of  its  discoverer — Charles  Sheldon  of  New 
York — who  by  zeal  and  perseverance  in  the  face  of  many  ob- 
stacles succeeded  in  killing  five,  and  generously  presented  the 
specimens  to  the  U.  S.  Biological  Survey. 

The  new  bear  may  be  known  from  its  onl}'  near  relative, 
Ursus  kenaiensis,  l)y  the  following  description : 

Ursus  sheldoni  i^p.  iiov. 

Tijpc. — Xo.  i;;7,.")18,  c?  a<b,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Biological  Survey 
Collection.  ^Montague  Island,  Alaska,  May,  I'JOo.  Charles  Sheldon. 
Original  number  17. 

33— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  I'JIO,  (127) 


^ 


128     Merriam — .1  Ncv  Bear  from  Montague  Island,  Alaska. 

Characters. — Size  larj^e;  claws  of  adult  Iohlt  and  of  tlio  grizzly  type; 
hairs  over  shoulders  elongated  to  form  a  small  hut  distinet  hnni]);  ears 
dark,  with  whitish  tips;  general  cdlor  lirownish,  varying  from  i)ale  to 
dark,  the  hairs  of  the  haek  sumetimes  yellowish  tipped,  those  of  the  head 
grizzled;  enlor  darkest  (almost  hlaekish)  dii  lielly,  legs  and  feet.  An  old 
she  ))ear  kilU'd.hy  Sheldon  ^lay  IS,  lilO."),  is  very  pale  grizzli'd  gray  on  the 
npperparts,  and  only  moderately  darker  on  the  legs  and  feet.  Tin-  euh  of 
this  hear,  killed  tin'  same  day,  was  in  its  2d  year  (about  Ki  months  old) 
and  is  very  pale — alnio.«t  hntl'y  gray — with  dark  feet  and  legs  and  a  strongly 
marked  hump. 

Cranial  <  'Jiaracfrrs. — Skull  in  general  similar  to  that  of  keualrnsis  l)ut 
basisphenoid  hroadiT  and  flatter,  its  length  nearly  equal  to  that  of  hasi- 
occipital ;  posterior  roots  of  interpterygoid  fossa  more  widely  spreading; 
condyle  of  jair  more  e.rscrted  [in  Icenaicrms  sessile],  reaching  so  far  hack 
that  a  line  dropped  from  ]ieuk  of  coronoid  to  tip  of  angle  touches  or 
traverses  it  [in  kcnaiensis  this  line  passes  freely  behind  the  condyle]  ; 
coronoid,  in  females  of  same  age,  smaller  and  lower — its  area  for  muscular 
attachment  less;  ramus  of  jaw  strongly  ))ellied  posteriorlj',  its  inferior 
border  belriw  tlie  coronoid  ^tromjhj  conre.r  doinnrard  and  curving  eveidy, 
with  only  a  very  slight  break,  to  angular  process.  [In  krnaiensis  the 
inferior  border  of  ranuis  is  nearhj  slraicjht  (iiol  appreciably  bellied  under 
coronoid)  and  ends  abruptly  in  a  step  or  jog  at  some  distance  behind  the 
angle.] 

In  general  form  and  appearance  skulls  of  females  closely  resemble  thoi^e 
of  female  kcuaieusis,  diti'ering  chiefly  in  the  characters  above  mentioned 
and  in  certain  <lental  peculiarities — notal)ly  the  smaller  size  and  more 
jiointed  heel  of  the  last  upper  molar,  and  the  oblique  truncation  of  the 
1st  upiier  molar. 

Skulls  of  males  dilier  widt'ly  from  those  of  kenaicnsis.  Only  two  full 
grown  males  of  slieldoni  and  one  of  kenaiensis  are  available  for  compari- 
son.* The  two  adult  c?  skulls  of  slieldoiii,  while  full  grown,  are  by  no 
means  so  old  as  the  old  male  kenaiensis,  compared  with  which  they  are 
decidedly  larger  (averaging  2  inches  longer),  much  higher,  more  massive, 
broader  across  the  .squamosals  and  also  across  the  frontals  (both  inter- 
orbitally  and  postorbitally).  The  ramus  of  the  jaw  i.s  deciiledly  broader, 
and  its  inferior  jjorder  more  bellied  and  convex  posteriorly.  The  sagittal 
crest  does  not  reach  the  froutals  [in  the  oM  c?  kenaiensis  it  readies  to 
middle  of  frontals]  ;  the  frontals  arch  well  upward,  are  traversed  by  a 
broad  median  sulcus,  and  swollen  above  and  behind  the  orbits;  the  nasals 


*1"lios('  of  alicbhivi  iiic  llic  typo,  Xo.  1?>7,.')1S,  collected  l).v  Slidduii  in  I'.Mi.'i;  and  a 
slislitly  older  male  of  approxiinatcly  the  same  size  (No.  i>70,  Miis.  \'ert.  Zoo!.,  liiiversity 
of  Califoniia),  collecleil  and  loaned  by  Miss  .\nnie  M.  Alexander  (killed  by  her  lunitrr. 
\.  llasselborK.  .Inly  ,\\.  I'.tdS.  at  Mel.eod  llarlior,  MoiUiiRne  Island).  The  old  male 
kenaiensis  (No.  S'.IK),  Mnsenm  Vert.  Zool.,  fniv.  (  alif.)  was  collected  by  Andrew  Berfi  fur 
Miss  Annio  M.  Alexan<li'r,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  privilege  of  comi)arinK  it 
with  skulls  in  the  TSioloKical  Survey  coUeetion.  It  is  very  old  and  presents  the  maxi- 
nunn  ilevelopment  of  crests  and  ridges — the  sagittal  ci'est  liein^i  vi'ry  louK  and  hiRh. 
slinhtly  convex,  and  reaching  anteriorly  to  middle  of  frontals — the  lenuioral  ridnes 
spreading  thence  at  a  right  angle  to  the  postorl)ital  processes. 


Merriam — A  New  Bear  from  Montague  Island,  Alaska.     129 

are  broad  and  hm<x  (in  tlie  type  specimen  reaeliin«r  plane  of  pontorhital 
processes ) . 

Dental  ('haraclirs. — Teeth  in  f^eneral  of  the  ijrizzly  type.  Last  (Ith) 
lower  itreniiilar  normally  with  luirizontal  iieel,  slightly  ui)tnrned  at  pos- 
terior end,  and  shallow  median  snlcns  reaciiin.i,'  from  cnsp  to  end  of  iieel, 
its  detininir  ridges  ending  in  slightly  developed  i)osterior  cnsplets.  [In 
kenaiciisis  the  last  lower  premolar  is  more  conical,  the  heel  sloping,  the 
sulcus  incomiilete,  with  oidy  a  single  posterior  cusplet— on  inner  side 
of  main  cusp  posteriorly.]  First  upper  molar  peculiar,  having  hoth  ends 
oblifjachi  Inuicatc  and  parallel,  sloping  strongly  from  outer  angles  hack- 
ward  and  inward;  inner  row  of  cusps  pushed  I)ack  so  that  each  falls 
behind  |)lane  of  corresiifinding  cusp  on  outer  .side;  the  tooth  as  a  whole 
more  rectangular,  its  inner  corners  sqnarer  (less  rounded),  and  inner  side 
more  llattened  and  nmch  less  convex  than  \n  kniairiii<ls. 

In  the  females  tiie  last  lower  molar  is  conspicuously  smaller  than  in 
kenaiensh,  and  the  last  upjier  molar  is  smaller,  narrower,  more  wedge- 
shape,  and  more  pointed  ])osteriorly.  In  one  of  the  males  it  is  similar. 
In  the  three  other  males  the  last  upper  molar  is  larger  and  less  acute 
posteriorly  than  in  tlie  females,  and  the  :'.d  cnsp  on  tiie  inner  side  is  better 
develoi)ed. 

Skull  Mcasarciiiciitft. — Following  are  measurements  of  two  adult  males — 
the  type  sjxH'imen  collected  by  Sheldon,  and  a  slightly  older  male  collected 
by  ]Miss  Annie  M.  Alexander  (  Xo.  '.(70,  ^luseum  of  Vertebrate  Zool., 
Univ.  Calif. ).  In  each  case  the  measurements  of  the  tyi>e  come  first, 
followed  in  parenthesis  by  those  of  the  Alexander  skull.  Basilar  length, 
;')(;0  C;.").!);  /.ygomatii-  breadth,  1'70  (27l*);  occipito-sphenoid  length,  110 
(104);  postpalatal  length,  Ki:'.  (K'-"));  least  interorbital  breadth,  102  (!)'.)); 
distance  from  foramen  magnum  to  plane  of  front  of  last  upper  molar,  242 
(2:)0);  length  of  upper  molariform  series,  72  (75);  of  upper  molars,  57 
((>1);  of  lower  molars,  71   (72). 

Ilentarkx. — The  skull  of  Urfias  shrldoni  is  large  and  massive,  and 
contrasted  with  those  of  the  big  bears  of  other  parts  of  Alaska  igtjas, 
in'nhlendorffi,  dalli)  is  short  and  remarkably  broad.  The  breadth  is  most 
consi>icuous  across  the  squamosals  ami  frontals.  iM'en  the  nursing  cub 
shot  by  Sheldon  has  the  skull  strikingly  broader  throughout  than  any 
other  cub  in  the  collection.  [I  have  not  seen  a  cub  of  kenalensis.]  Skulls 
of  fenuiles  are  flattened  like  those  of  kenainiAis.  Skulls  of  nuiles  are  high 
and  rounded,  and  tho.se  approaching  maturity — say  in  the  4th  and  5th 
years,  and  doubtless  for  several  years  later — have  the  I)raincase  and 
frontals  so  elevated  and  swollen  that  were  it  not  for  the  snout  the  skulls 
would  appear  almost  globular. 

Another  curious  feature  is  that  as  the  skulls  lie  in  a  row  on  the  table, 
those  of  slieldoiii  have  the  noa^  conspicuously  tilted  up.  In  females  the 
actual  diflference  in  height  of  tips  of  nasals  (above  the  table)  is  S  or  10 
nun. ;  in  the  males,  M5-45  nun.  This  appears  to  be  due  to  two  causes — the 
more  exserted  condyle  of  sheldoni,  which  throws  the  jaws  a  little  further 
forward,  and  the  more  bellied  basal  part  of  the  ranms,  which  tilts  the 
front  part  of  the  skull  upward. 


130     Mcrrlam — A  Neic  Bear  from  Montague  Island,  Alaska. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  Itli  lower  ])renioIar  is  distinctly  of  the 
grizzly  type,  while  in  kenaiensis  it  is  varialile. 

The  material  on  which  Ursus  sheldoni  is  based  is  ample  to  show  tlie 
constancy  of  the  characters  hy  which  the  species  difl'ers  from  all  other 
V)ears.  This  material  consists  of :.'  adult  males,  '2  young  males  ( -1  or  o  years 
old),  ;>  adult  females,  and  1  cub  of  the  2d  year  (about  10  months  old). 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  131-140  September  2,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


ON  A  COLLECTION  OF  FISHP]8    FROM    THE    OLYMPIC 

PENINSULA,  TOGETHER  WITH  NOTES  ON 

OTHER  WEST  COAST  SPECIES.* 

BY  BARTON  WAKUEX  EVERMAXX  AND 
HOMER  BARKER  LATIMER. 


In  1S!)7  the  late  Mr.  Cloiulslcy  RuttcT  and  Mr.  Elmer  R. 
Brady,  under  the  direetion  of  the  L^.  S.  Conaniissioner  of  P'i.sli- 
eries,  made  considerahle  collections  of  the  fishes  of  the  Olj'mpie 
Peninsula,  \Yashington.  These  collections  remained  unstudied 
until  recently  when  the  loresent  writers  had  occasion  to  go  over 
the  entire  lot.  It  was  found  that  the  collections  contain  a 
number  of  species  of  special  interest,  and  as  the  fish-fauna  of 
that  region  has  until  now  received  practically-  no  study  it  is 
thought  that  the  publication  of  this  list  will  prove  of  interest. 

The  waters  and  localities  from  which  specimens  of  fishes  were 
obtained  by  jNIessrs.  Rutter  and  Brady  during  tliese  investiga- 
tions are  as  follows: 

Willapa  River  near  Holcomb,  July  '.10 ;  Humptulips,  in  small 
creek,  August  20;  Quiniault  Lake,  August  23,  24;  Beaver  Lake, 
August  24  and  September  9  ;  Prairie  Creek  and  Elk  Creek, 
August  25;  Raft  River,  August  26;  Tacoma  Creek,  August  27; 
Queets  River  at  Evergreen,  August  27 ;  Hurst  Creek  and  at  Clear- 
water, August  29;  Hah  River  and  Mill  Creek,  September  1; 
Snells,  in  small  creek,  September  1;  Bogachiel,  September  8; 
Ozette  Lake,  September  4;  Pleasant  Lake,  September '8;  Moss 
Creek,  Prairie  Creek  and  Ilwah  River,  September  11;  Crescent 
Lake,  September  17. 

All  these  are  in  the  Olympic  region  west  of  Puget  Sound. 

*  Published  by  permission  of  the  Commissioner  of  Fisheries. 

34— Peoc.  Biol.  Hoc.  Wxsh.,  Vol.  XXIII,  lUlO.  (131) 


132  Eccrmann  and  Lntlmci — Fishes  from  the  Oh/mpic  reninsida. 

A\'e  take  this  opportunity  to  record  certain  other  small  collec- 
tions of  West  Coast  fishes  which  we  have  recently  examined. 
They  are  as  follows: 

1.  A  small  but  interesting  collection  made  in  the  spring  of 
1897  in  Marin  County,  Cal.     Tlie  localities  represented  are: 

Paiicrmill  Creek,  March  11,  22  and  24;  Bear  Valley  Creek, 
March  15  and  April  7;  Olima  Creek,  A])ril  i);  Tomales  Bay 
near  Point  Rej^eg,  Ai)ril  28  and  May  9,  14;  Nieasio  and  Paper- 
mill  creeks  at  junction,  April  25,  26;  Walker  Creek,  5  miles 
above  mouth  near  Tomales,  Cal.,  IVFay  5  and  18. 

2.  In  1890  and  again  in  1891  Dr.  Charles  H.  Townsend, 
then  naturalist  on  the  steamer  Albatross,  while  making  a  study 
of  the  shrimp  fisheries  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  obtained  and 
preserved  a  numl)er  of  fishes  taken  in  tiie  nets  of  the  Chinese 
shrimp  fishermen.    The  localities  rei)res('ntcd  aretlie  following: 

Mare  Island,  April  IC),  1S90;  San  PaMo  Bay,  NovenduT  S, 
1890,  and  May,  1891;  Angel  Island,  November  7,  1890;  San 
Bruno  Point;  San  ^lateo  Camp;  and  South  Belmont  Oyster 
Beds. 

3.  A  few  specimens  obtained  by  the  U.  S.  Biological  Survey 
in  British  Columbia,  at  Malaspina  Inlet,  July  19,  1897;  and 
Rivers  Inlet,  June,  1904. 

4.  A  few  specimens  collected  in  1901  ))y  Prof.  T.  D.  A. 
Cockerell  at  San  Pedro,  Cal. 

5.  A  small  collection  made  August  14,  1908,  l)y  John  Tread- 
well  Nichols  at  Chinook,  Wash. 

6.  A  single  jar  of  specimens  obtained  by  the  steamer  Albatross 
at  Barclay  Sound,  September  27,  1888. 

The  aV)Ove  statement  regarding  collectors,  dates  and  localities 
will  enable  one  to  understand  readily  the  l)rief  locality  refer- 
ences in  connection  with  each  species  in  the  following  list. 

These  collections,  embracing  a  total  of  1,391  specimens,  have 
all  been  deposited  in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

ANNOTATED  LIST  OF  SPECIES. 
1.  Hntosphenus  tridentatus  ((iainlnor). 

TURKE-'IOOTIIKD  LAMPRKV. 

One  specimen  from  I^ake  Pleasant,  4  from  Bo^ac.liiel  and  2  from  SncUs, 
these  IJ-g  to  4%  Indies  long;  seven,  5  to  7%  inclies  long,  from  San  Pablo 
Bay. 


Evermann  and  Latimer — Fishes  from  the  Olum-pic  Peninsvla.  133 

1'.  Rhinotriacis  henlei  (Jill. 

Six  exainpk'8,  7  to  1.']  inelies  long,  of  tliis  shark  from  slirimji  iietj  at  San 
Bruno  Point,  San  Francisco  Bay. 

3.  Triakis  semifasciatum  (i Irani. 

LEOPARD  SHARK. 
Two  specimen.^,  7%  '^ii<^l  ~%  inches  lonw,  from  Tomales  Bay. 
4.  Raja  inornata  Jordan  t^  Gilhert. 

COMMON  8KATE  OF  CALIKORXIA. 
Three  S]iecimens,  5  to  0^4  inches  loner,  from  San  I'ahlo  Bay. 

o.  Acipenser  transmontanus  Kichanlson. 

WESTERN   STfUi  lEON". 

One  specimen  from  Chinook. 

().  Ameiurus  catus  (Linna-us). 

CATFISH. 

One  specimen,  1%  inches  lontj,  from  Mare  Island.  An  introduccil 
species. 

7.  Catostomus   macrocheilus  Girard. 

COLUMBIA  VA\VA\  SICKER. 

Nine  s])ecimens,  1^4  t<)  •")^-i  inches  lone;,  from  Lake  Pleasant;  one,  \Ti}4 
inches  long,  from  Willapa  Piver. 

S.  Pogonichthys  macrolepidotum  (Ayres): 

SI'LIT-TAIL. 

Thirteen  siiecimons,  2^4  to  SI4  inches  long,  from  Mare  Island, 
i).  Ptychocheilus  oregonensis  (Pichardson). 

SQCAWFISir. 

Eighteen  sjjecimens,  2%  to  ~}4  inches  long,  from  Lake  Pleasant ;  eight, 
•    l^i  to  5  inches  long,  from  Ozette  Lake. 

lU.  Ptychocheilus  harfordi  Jordan  t*i  (iilhert. 
One  specimen,  9^4  inches  long,  from  Alare  Island. 

IL  Leuciscus  bicolor  (tiirard). 

Nine  specimens,  1%  to  '^%  inches  long,  from  Lake  (^ninianlt. 

12.   Rutilus  bicolor  ((urard). 
Twenty  specimens  from  Walker  Creek. 

1:5.  Rutilus  symmetricus  (P>ainK<c  Girard). 

Twenty-three  si)ecimens,  '1\-'^  to  4)2  inches  long,  from  a  dee])  jiond  one 
mile  from  mouth  of  Olima  Creek,  hnt  connected  with  it;  six  sj)ecimens, 
3%  to  U%  inches  long,  caught  on  hooks  at  the  mouth  of  Papermill  Creek; 


134  Evermanv  and  Latimer — Fishes  from  the  Olympic  Peninsula. 

ten,  1^8  to  o  inches  long,  from  Bear  Valley  Creek,  below  flood  gate;  six- 
teen, 1  to  2  inches  long,  from  Papermill  Creek;  three  specimens,  2)^  to 
2%  indies,  from  Lake  Qninianlt;  sixteen.  ]%  to  2  inches  long,  from 
month  of  Bear  Valley  Creek;  tweiity-fonr,  1  to  \%  iiiclics  long,  from 
rapermill  Creek  at  tide  water. 

14.  Rhinichthys  cataractae  dulcis  f(iirard). 

I)A(  E. 

Seventy-eight  specimens,  1  to  2%  inches  long,  from  Tacoma  Creek  ; 
twenty-three,  1 3^  to  33^  inches  long,  from  Lake  Qninianlt ;  two,  ^%  and 
'2%  inches  long,  from  Queets  River;  ten,  2  to  '1%  inches  long,  from  Clear- 
water; eleven,  '^^  to  P4  inclies  long,  from  A\'il!apa  Kiver. 

]-■).  Clupea  pallasii  Cnvier  c*c  Valenciennes. 

CAlJFoltXIA  HERRTXG. 

One  specimen,  (i^i^  inches  long,  from  San  I'alilo  Bay;  one,  2^4  inches 
long,  from  Angel  Island;  one,  2^o,  inches  long,  from  South  Belmont 
Oyster  Beds;  one,  7^4  inche-  long,  from  San  .Alateo  Camp. 

IC).  Alosa  sapidissima  (Wilson). 

COMMON  SHAD. 

One  specimen,  o?^  inches  long,  from  Mare  Island.  An  introduced 
species. 

17.  Engraulis  mordax  Girard. 

CALIFORNIA  ANiIIOVV. 

Five  specimens,  2)^  to  2%  inches  long,  from  Tomales  Bay,  between 
Hamilton  landing  and  Inverness;  five,  .">^4  to  :'.^4  inches  long,  from  San 
l'al)lo  Bay;  one,  .">%  inches  long,  from  South  Uelmont  Oyster  Beds; 
three,  :'>  to  2)'^,  inches  long,  from  San  .Matt'o  Camj). 

is.  Coregonus  williamsoni  <iirard. 

WILLIAMSONS  WlllTKl'ISiL 

Five  specimens  from  Hah  River  and  four  from  (Qninianlt  Biver  above 
lake,  2%  to  2>7j^  inches  in  K'ligth;  and  t'ighteen  t'xamples,  2%  to  (1  inches 
long,  from  C^neets  Kiver. 

Gillrakers  ii+12  to  14;  scales,  !I-7S  to  S4-S ;   1).   14;   A.  12. 

111.  Oncorhynchus  tschawytscha  (\\'all»anm). 

(  IIIXOOK  SALMON. 

Eight  specimens,  1^4  to  2  inches  in  length,  from  a  deep  |iond  one  mile 
from  the  month  of  Olima  Creek,  but  connected  with  it;  one  from  junction 
of  Nicasio  and  Papermill  creeks,  4^4  inches  long;  nineteen  examples,  2^15 
to  4,^4  inches  long,  from  (iuinianlt  River  al)ove  the  lake;  eight  from 
Lake  Qninianlt,  2,^4  to  2%  inches  long;  ten  from  <^ieets  River,  '.\}4  to 
4,^4  in(4ies  long;  one  example,  1^4  inclies  long,  from  Wills  Cieek  ;  six 
specimens,  ;')  to  1)1^  inche- long,  from  Clearwater;  and  two,  I'-';,  and  1 '.j 
inches  long,  from  Bear  N'ailey  Creek. 


EveriDfi))}}  aivl  Lai) met — Fishes  from,  the  Oli/mpir  PenhisnUi .   lo.) 
L'U.  Oncorhynchus  kisutch  (Walbauiu). 

SILVKR  SALMON. 

Two  Specimens,  ?,)4  and  4  inclies  long,  from  Ilnrst  Oeek  ;  tliirty-tliree 
PpccinuMis,  1%  to  0^4  inches  long,  from  Moss  Creek;  eigiit  from  Lake 
Pleasant,  L'%  to  4  Indies  long;  live,  2I4  to  0I4  inches  long,  from  Wills 
Creek;  five,  l')^  to  ?,}4  inches  long,  from  Raft  River;  two,  0I4  and  ?,}{ 
inches  long,  from  Bogachiel ;  thirteen  specimens,  2  to  4  inches  long,  from 
Tacoma  Creek ;  nine  specimens,  '2}4  to  ?,^4^  inches  long,  from  Ilwah 
River;  eleven  specimens,  l'  to  '.\^4  inches  long,  from  T*rairie  Creek  ;  nine- 
teen specimens,  I  ^g  to  :',  inches  long,  from  a  creek  tribntary  to  Hnmp- 
tnlips  Creek,  near  Ilnmptnlips;  four  specimens,  ll  to  ~}4  inches  long, 
from  Willapa  River;  three  sjiecimens,  '2}4  to  4)4  inches  long,  from  Elk 
Creek;  and  tliree,  '2)4  inches  long,  from  Ozette  Lake. 

2\.  Oncorhynchus  nerka  (\Vall)anm). 

I'.LfKlSACK  SALMON. 
Fifteen  si)ecimens,  1  to  1  1^4  inches  long,  from  Rivers  Iidet. 

I'l'.  Salmo  mykiss   W'alhanm. 

crTTlIKOAT  TKOIT. 

One  specimen,  7)4  inches  long,  from  Malaspina  Lilet,  at  Lund. 
2:].  Salmo  gairdneri  Richardson. 

STKKLUKAI). 

Eight  specimens,  1}^  to  o^^  inches  long,  from  junction  of  Xicasio  and 
Papermill  creeks;  sixteen  specimens,  T^g  to  8^4  inches  long,  from  Beaver 
Lake;  eight  specimens,  ^%  to  -1^  inches  long,  from  Quinianlt  River 
above  lake;  four,  2  to  2}^  inclie-s  long,  from  Ilnrst  Creek;  four,  4  to  7J^ 
inches  long,  froui  a  creek  tributary  to  Lake  Qniniault;  thre(^,  2  to  5}4 
inches  long,  from  Queets  River;  three,  1\  t'i  :>%  inches  long,  from 
Clearwater;  seven,  I'^g  t<'  2}4  inch(^s  long,  from  a  creek  tribntary  to 
TTnmptnlips  Creek,  near  Iluniptulips;  and  ninetcHMi  specimens,  1  ^^j^  to  2^4 
inchi's  long,  from  Willapa  River. 

24.  Salmo  irideus  Gibbons. 

KAINI'.OW  TltorT. 

One  specimen,  -"i^^  inches  long,  from  Bear  N'alley  Creek,  l)elow  Jlood 
gate;  one  specimen  from  Chinook;  two,  7)4  and  8  inches  long,  from 
Lake  Crescent;  one,  4I4  inches  long,  from  Hah  River;  twenty-seven 
specinuMis,  ^%  to  4^4  inches  long,  from  ]Moss  Creek;  fourteen  sijecimens, 
T'r  to  ()-'^4  inclies  long,  from  Wills  Creek;  four,  ]%  to  4)4  inches  long, 
from  IJaft  River;  thirteen  specimens,  Ij^  to  2%  inches  long,  from  Tacoma 
Creek;  four,  1%  to  2^  inches  long,  from  Bogachiel;  five,  1%  to 4  inches 
long,  from  Ilwah  River;  and  two,  2  inches  long,  from  Lake  Pleasant. 

2").  Osmerus  thaleichthys  Ayres. 

Ten  specimens,  2  to  4%  inches  long,  from  San   P;d>lo  Bay;    one,  2% 


loO  Evermann  and  hdimcr — Fishes  from  the  Oh/wpic  Peninsula. 

inches  lonsj,   from   Sau  ]Matoo  Camp;    and   two,  I'^^g  and  :!  incln's  lonir. 
from  Marc  Island. 

2(1.  Hypomesus  pretiosus  ((orard). 

SCRF   SMELT. 

One  specimen,  ?,  inches  long,  from  Tomales  Bay  near  tlic  raiiioad  Ions 
trestle,  .">  miles  from  Point  Reyes  Station. 

L'7.  Qasterosteus  williamsoni  microcephalus  ((iirard). 

t'ALIFORNI.\  STKKLP:BACK. 

Tliree  specimens,  1%  to  1%  inches  long,  from  Papermill  Creek;  two 
specimens,  I'^'g  and  23^4  inches  long,  from  Papermill  Crei'k  onedialf  mile 
below  White  House;  one,  1%  inches  long,  from  South  Belmont  Oyster 
r>eds;  thirty,  ^  to  2^  inches  long,  from  a  deep  i)(»nil  one  mile  from  the 
month  of  Olima  Creek;  sixteen,  1}^  to  2}^  inches  long,  from  jimction  of 
Nicasio  and  Papermill  creeks;  ten,  from  Walker  Creek;  twenty-live,  1  to 
2%  inches  long,  from  Lake  (ininianlt;  nine,  Ij^  to  2J4  inches  long,  from 
Lake  Pleasant;  one,  ]%  inches  long,  from  Elk  Creek;  four,  1,^^  to  ^% 
inches  long,  from  Ozette  Lake;  three,  1%  to  '2]>^  inches  long,  fmm  mouth 
of  Bear  Valley  Creek,  and  one,  2)^  inches  long,  from  Pai)ermill  Creek  at 
tide  water. 

2S.  Siphostoma  californiensis  (Storer). 

('.\LIFORNIA    I'lPKFISH. 

Fifteen  specimens,  4  to  si;,  inches  long,  from  San  Pahio  Bay. 
2!>.  Siphostoma  griseolineatum  (Ayres). 

Three  specimens,  7\  to  i)  inches  long,  from  Tomales  P>ay,  at  railroad 
"long  till,"  :')  miles  from  Point  Reyes  Station;  three,  ")  to  S)^  inches 
long,  from  Tomales  Bay,  between  Hamilton  landing  and  Inverness;  and 
eight,  4}^4  h)  i>^4  inclies  long,  from  Tomales  Bay  near  railroaddong  trestle 
I>  miles  from  Point  Reyes  Station. 

:!().  Atherinopsis  californiensis  (iirard. 

<ALIF()i;XIA  SMKLT, 

Eleven  sju'cimens,  2%  to  -(-^4  inciies  long,  from  Tomales  Bay  near  rail- 
road long  trestle,  'A  miles  from  Point  Reyes  Station. 

:!1.  Atherinops  affinis  (.Vyres). 

LITTLE  S.MELT. 

One  specimen,  -\%  inches  long,  from  San  Pedro;  seven  specimens,  '2% 
to  (')}4  iiiclies  long,  from  Angel  Island;  twenty  specimens,  l\  to  .">'_,' 
indues  long,  from  South  r.ehnont  Oyster  Beds;  and  on(^,  -l'-}^  inc'hes  long, 
from  Hamilton  landing  tower,  Papi'rmill  Creek. 

:'>2.   Atherinops  regis  .IcnUins  and    Isvcrmann. 

ElcNcu  specimen^,  1  to  I 'a  inches  long,  iVom  'I'oniales  Bay,  }._>  niilc 
below  the  "  lomr  lill." 


Evermann  and  Latimer — Fishes  from  the  Olympic  Peninsula.   137 
:;:).  Archoplites  interruptus  (Girard). 

SACRAMENTO  PERCH. 

One  specimen,  5%  inches  loufi,  from  Mare  Island. 
.■)4.  Roccus  lineatus  (Blocli). 

STRll'El)    BAS8. 

Three  .specimens,  -\%  to  o}4  inches  long,  from  Tomales  Bay,  at  rail- 
road "long  till,"  :')  miles  from  Point  Keyes  Station;  and  one  specimen, 
'5^4  inches  long,  from  Tomales  Bay,  near  railroad  long  trestle,  .".  miles 
from  Point  Kejes  Station. 

An  introducecl  siiecies. 

:'■).  Paralabrax  clathratus  ((iirard). 
One  specimen,  4^  inciies  long,  frmii  San  Pedro. 

;')().  Qenyonemus  lineatus  (Ayres). 
Three  sjjecimens,  :'>i4  tu  (i  indies  long,  from  San  Pablo  Bay. 

.".7.  Cymatogaster  aggregatus  (iililmns. 

VlVirAKOlS  I'HRCll. 

Four  specimens,  -132  to  oj^a  inches  long,  from  Tomales  Bay,  l)etween 
Hamilton  landing  and  Inverness;  six  specimens,  L'''^  to  -1%  inches  long, 
from  San  Pedro;  live,  1)^4^  to  -I  inches  long  from  San  Pahio  Bay;  nine, 
L'3^8  t'i-'^8  inches  long,  from  South  I5elmont  Oyster  Beds;  and  three,  L'^-g' 
to  o^s  inches  long,  from  San  .Mateo  Camp. 

.")S.  Damalichthys  argyrosomus  ((iirard). 

VlVll'AUors  WHITE   I'ERCH. 

One  specimen,  4^  inches  long,  from  San  Pedro. 

'V.).   Hypsypops  rubicundus  ((Jirard). 

(iARIlSALDl. 

One  specimen,  I  inches  long,  from  San  Peilro. 

-10.  Sebastodes  melanops  ((drard). 
Six  specimens,  .")34'  to  S  inches  long,  from  Barclay  Sound. 

41.  Sebastodes  ruberrimus  Cramer. 

RED  ROCRFI.SH. 

Four  specimens,  l'%  to  0%  inches  long,  from  San  Pahlo  Bay. 

4l'.  Scorpsena  histrio  Jenyns. 
One  specimen,  4  inches  long,  from  San  Pedro. 

4:5.  Ophiodon  elongatus  Girard. 
CULTLS  COD. 

One  specimen  from  Chinook. 


188  Evermann  and  Latimei — Fishes  from  the  Ohimpic  Peninsula. 
44.  Cottus  asper  Richardson. 

I'KICKLEV  ]'.L"LLIIEAD  oil  SCILPIX. 

Four  f^iK'finieiiti,  :5.^4  to  o  inches  long,  from  Bear  \'allcy  Crci'k  lu'low 
flood  gate;  .seven,  :>%  to  7  inches  long,  from  mouth  of  rapermill  Creek; 
eleven  specimens  from  Walker  Creek;  two,  2J4  and  4  inclies  long,  fidui 
Papermili  Creek,  ^4  mil^  below  White  House;  two  specimens,  1'^  and 
:5%  inches  long,  from  South  Belmont  Oyster  Beds;  three  specimens,  \\% 
to  .5?^  inches  long,  from  ]Mare  Island;  ten,  1%  to  (i  inches  long,  from 
I>ake  Quiniault;  one,  L'  inches  long,  from  Hurst  Creek;  twenty-six  speci- 
mens, ]%  to  ()%  inches  long,  from  Quiniault  Kiver,  above  lake;  twenty 
s|)ecimens,  1%  to  0)4  inches  long,  from  Beaver  Lake;  twelve,  1%  to  l'^' 
inches  long,  from  Lake  Pleasant;  five,  '2  to  2%  inches  long,  from  Wills 
Creek;  two,  2}^  to  2%  inches  long,  from  Kaft  Iviver;  one,  ^'^4  inches 
long,  from  Prairie  Creek ;  one,  2  inches  long,  from  a  creek  tril)utary  to 
Humptulips,  near  llumptulips;  four,  2}^  to  43ij  inches  long,  from  Ozette 
Lake;  one,  1,^4  inches  long,  from  I>ranch  entering  east  fork  of  Hump- 
tulii>s  Kiver;  and  eight,  I'^'g  to  2\  inches  long,  from  Tacoma  Creek. 

4o.  Cottus  gulosus  ((iirard). 

Thirty-two  specimens,  1%  to  '.)%  inches  long,  from  junction  of  Nieasio 
and  Pa|>erniill  creeks;  one,  4  inches  long,  from  Hurst  Creek;  twelve,  1% 
to  L'%  inches  long,  from  Quiniault  Iviver,  above  lake  ;  ten,  from  Hah 
Kiver,  '.>  to  4  inches  long;  eleven,  1^'  to  '.\%  inches  long,  from  ]Moss 
Creek;  five,  L'%  to  :')  inches  long,  from  Wills  Creek;  two,  2%  to  )!  inches 
long,  from  Kaft  Kiver;  one,  l'%  indies  long,  from  Bouachiel ;  three,  2% 
to  :)%  inches  long,  from  Queets  Kiver;  four,  l'>4  to  '.l^ya  inches  long,  from 
Ilwah  Kiver;  two,  '.)  inches  long,  from  Prairie  Creek;  one,  2%  inches 
long,  from  Clearwater;  nineteen,  ^^  to  :!  inches  long,  from  Willajia 
Kiver;  lifteen,  2  to  3}4  inches  long,  from  YAk  Creek;  and  one,  'M^^  inches 
long,  from  Tacoma  Creek. 

4(1.  Leptocottus  armatus  (iirard. 

Twenty-nine  sjiecimens,  1^4  to  2^,,  inches  long,  from  Toiuales  Bay; 
six,  A}<2  t"  '^/t  inches  long,  from  Point  San  Bruno;  three,  4%  to  .i^/^ 
indues  long,  from  San  Pablo  Bay;  two,  .">^  and  (1  inches  long,  from  South 
Behiiont  Oyster  Beds;  one,  4}4  inches  long,  from  San  Mateo  (/am]); 
tifty-seven,  I'o  t"  -'^g  inches  long,  from  Hamilton  hunling  tower,  Paper- 
mill  Creek. 

47.   Ilypnus  gilberti  ( iMgenmann  and  lugenmann). 

Thirty  sj)ecimens,  1)^  to  2%  inches  long,  from  Tomales  Bay;  three 
from  Walker  Creek,  and  one  from  Papermili  Creek. 

4.S.  Liparis   pulchellus  Ayres. 

Fifteen  sj)ecimens,  2^4  to  ry^  inches  long,  from  San  I'ablo  Bay. 

4il.  Typhlogobius  californiensis  Steindachner. 
One  specimen,  2^^  inches  long,  from  San  Pedro. 


Evermann  and  Latimer — Fishes  from  the  Olympic  Pcninsvlei.   139 

50.  Porichthys  notatus  Girard. 

Thirteen  specimens,  2^  to  33^  inches  long,  from  San  Pablo  Bay;  two 
specimens,  1%  and  8  inches  long,  from  Point  San  Bruno. 

51.   Heterostichus  rostratus  Girard. 
Two  specimens,  Q%  and  l^i  inches  long,  from  San  Pedro. 

52.  Gibbonsia  elegans  (Cooper). 
Three  specimens,  3j^  to  o  inche.^  long,  from  San  Pedro. 

53.  Pholis  ornatus  (Girard). 
Eight  specimen^!,  3,^4  to  4)^  inches  long,  from  San  Pablo  Bay. 

54.  Arbaciosa  rhessodon  (Rosa  Smith). 
One  specimen,  \%  inches  long,  from  San  Pedro. 

55.  Merluccius  productus  (Ayres). 
One  specimen  from  Chinook. 

5().  Microgadus  proximus  (Girard). 

CALIFORNIA  TOMCOD. 

Four  specimens,  5  to  7  inches  long,  from  San  Pablo  Bay. 

57.  Psettichthys   melanostictus  Girard. 
One  specimen,  G%  inches  long,  from  Point  San  Pedro. 

58.  Hypsopsetta  guttulata  (Girard). 

DIAMOND    FLOUNDER. 

One  specimen,  4%  inches  long,  from  San  Pedro,  Cal. 
59.  Parophrys  vetulus  Girard. 

Three  specimens,  5  to  ().^4  inches  long,  from  Point  San  Pedro;  one 
specimen,  '?>%  inches  long,  from  South  Belmont  Oyster  Beds;  three 
specimens,  4  to  o%  inches  long,  from  San  Mateo  Camp. 

(iO.  Platichthys  stellatus  Pallas. 

CALIFORNIA  FLOUNDER. 

Four  specimens,  \%  to  1%  inches  long,  from  Tomales  Bay;  two  speci- 
mens, b}4  and  Q%  inches  long,  from  Point  San  Pedro;  and  one,  b% 
inches  long,  from  South  Belmont  Oyster  Beds. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  141-152  September  2,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


THE    SCAI.ES    OF    THE    AFRICAX    CYPRINIT)    FISHE^;        '  ^  ^ 
WITH  A  DISCUSSION  OF  RELATED  ASIATIC 

AND  EUROPEAN   SPECIES.  ^^.       - 

BY  T.  D.  A.  COCKERELL. 


For  an  opportunity  to  study  the  scales  of  the  African  Cyprin- 
ida'  I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  G.  A.  Boulenger,  and  the  account 
given  helow  is  based  wholly  on  the  collections  in  the  British 
Museum.  In  Dr.  Boulenger's  Catalogue  of  the  Freshwater 
Fishes  of  Africa,  \\)\.  I  (1909),  there  are  recognized  ten  genera 
of  Cy])rinid;e  proper,  namely,  Labeo,  Discognathm,  Varicorhinus, 
Jinrhiix,  Rdshofd,  Lcaciscus,  Lepton/pris,  Barilius,  Neohula  and 
Clirdtthio'ii^i.  OF  these,  all  but  Rasbora,  Leuciscus  and  Lrptac)/- 
pris  arc  found  in  the  Nile  l)asin.  Leuciscus,  or  rather  Phoxinellus, 
is  a  PaUearctic  type  found  in  northern  Africa;  Lcptocypris 
Boulenger,  1900,  is  a  relative  of  Barilius,  found  in  the  Congo 
basin ;  Rushora  Bleeker  is  an  Asiatic  genus,  of  whicli  one  of  the 
Asiatic  species  (i?.  ihinlronlus  Ham.  Buch.)  occurs  at  Zanzibar. 
Chcluthlojis  Boulenger,  1899,  is  an  African  genus  related  to  the 
Asiatic  Chela  ;  it  occurs  in  the  Congo  basin  (C.  clongatus)  and 
in  the  Nile  (C.  lilhle).  Neuhola  Vinciguerra,  1894,  is  said  to  be 
allied  to  the  Asiatic  Bola  (which  Day  includes  in  Barilius);  it 
was  based  on  a  species  (iV.  liuitcgol)  from  Somaliland,  and  has 
another  (A^.  argcntea)  confined  to  Lake  Victoria.  It  thus  appears 
that  the  Ethiopian  Cyprinid  fauna,  though  numerous  in  species, 
shows  very  little  generic  differentiation,  and  is  in  all  respects 
closely  related  to  that  of  the  Oriental  region. 

The  scale-characters  of  the  African  genera,  as  observed  in 
scales  taken  from  the  vicinity  of  the  lateral  line,  at  about  the 
level  of  the  beginning  of  the  dorsal  fin,  are  as  follows: 

(1.)  Chchcthiops.  C.  hibie  Joanni^.  Kiver  Nile.  Scales  broader  than 
long,  the  basal  and  lateral  eirenli  coarse,  the  apical  ones  much 
y.")— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wa8h..  Vol.  XXIII.  I'JIO,  (111) 


142      Cockerdl — The  Scales  of  the  African  Cyprinid  Fishes. 

Hner,  th(_' transition  :il)rnpt;  al)out  nine  delicate  apical  radii,  and 
a  few  irregular,  poorly  developed  l)af^al  ones.  Tlie  nuclear  area  is 
a  little  basad  of  the  middle,  and  may  he  hroadly  free  from  circuli, 
or  circulate  nearly  to  tlie  middle.  The  lish  is  small  and  silvery; 
the  scales  are  large  in  proportion,  though  only  about  1%  mm.  across. 
There  are  no  distinct  laterobasal  angles.  Both  the  fish  and  the 
scales  are  rather  suggestive  of  the  American  Xotropis,  though  nuuiy 
differences  are  apparent  on  close  comparison. 

The  Indian  Chela  arrjentea  Day  (Wynad,  F.  Day)  has  larger 
scales,  with  evident  laterobasal  angles.  The  apical  radii  are  well 
defined,  al)out  14,  l)ut  several  imperfect  centrad  ;  the  basal  radii  are 
two  or  three,  but  very  strong.  All  this  shows  evident  reseml^lance 
to  the  type  of  radiation  found  in  Alestes,  and  in  the  ]ilcurol;vnia 
group  of  Barbus;  that  is  to  say,  with  few  strong  radii  arising  from 
the  nucleus.  In  Chela  ur<ientea  tiiis  is  superimposed,  as  it  were, 
on  a  system  of  more  ordinary  apical  radii,  and  it  is  only  the  latter 
that  occur  in  Chehi'thiops. 

A  further  study  of  the  scales  of  Chela  shows  that  C.  argentea  is 
quite  exceptional,  and  I  find  one  species  which  has  scales  of  essen- 
tially the  same  type  as  those  of  Clwhcthiops,  except  that  there  are 
fairly  well  developed  laterobasal  angles,  no  basal  radii,  and  the 
apical  radii  are  greatly  reduced,  with  not  more  than  two  or  three 
complete.  This  species  is  C.  (Paralanbuca)  typiis  (type  of  Para- 
laiihuca  lateralis  Sauvage)  from  the  Me  Kong  (Paris  Museum). 
C.  anomalurua  from  Sarawak  has  a  scale  of  the  same  general  char- 
acter as  C.  typus,  but  it  is  excessively  short  and  liroad  (long,  (i, 
lat.  10  mm.),  with  no  laterobasal  angles,  and  quite  munerous  l)ut 
very  weak  apical  radii.  On  the  other  hand  C.  chipeoidcK  (Alnrree, 
F.  Day)  has  .small  scales  which  are  much  longer  than  broad,  with 
six  or  seven  apical  radii  and  no  basal.  C.  hacaila  (Orissa,  F.  Day) 
has  scales  of  the  type  of  C.  clupcohli's,  ]m{  with  at  least  twice  as 
many  apical  radii. 

The  scales  of  C.  macrochir  ( Menam  River,  Royal  Siamese  Museum ) 
are  transversely  oval,  scarcely  radiate,  mucli  like  Chehvthiui)s  hut 
with  the  coarse  lateral  circuli  extending  over  into  the  a]iical  region. 
This  species  has  the  dorsal  tin  very  far  back,  and  the  scales  were 
taken  from  the  middle  of  tln'side.  Chela  sardiurlla  (Sittang  liiver, 
E.  W.  Gates)  has  broad  weak  scales  with  al)out  12  apical  radii; 
there  is  a  dark  spot  at  the  fork  of  the  camlal  lin. 

Thus  Chela,  on  the  scales,  seems  to  fall  into  at  least  three  distinct 
groups:  (1.)  C.  argentea,  (2.)  C.  clupeoides  and  hacaila,  (:'..)  C. 
typus,  macrucliir  and  sardinella,  with  asul)group  f<jr  C.  anomalurus. 
Chehethiops  is  evidently  to  be  compared  with  the  third  group. 

The  ChcUvllviops  scale  has  (|uite  a  strong  suiterlicial  resend)lanci' 
to  that  of  the  Characinid  Cithariims  cuiiyicus,  although  in  the 
latter  the  lateral  cinaili  are  more  numerous,  and  less  abruptly  <lif- 
ferentiated  from  the  apical. 


Corlrrell — The  Scales  of  the  African  Ci/pnnid  Fishes.       143 

(2.)  Neohola.  N.  argentea  Pellegrin  (Bugala,  Lake  Victoria,  Br.  E. 
Bayon).  Small  transversely  elongate  scales  about  2  mm.  broad, 
and  not  mnch  more  than  1  long;  no  evident  angles;  nuclear  area 
a  little  t)asad  of  middle;  apical  and  basal  radii,  but  very  few  and 
feeble  ;  lateral  circuli  very  widely  spaced,  abruptly  separated  (about 
middle  of  side )  from  apical  ones.  A  weak  scale  of  the  same  type 
as  that  of  Chehefhiops.  It  may  be  even  better  compared  with 
Barilius  (EngrauUcypris)  sardella  from  Lake  Nyassa;  this  is  a 
slender  fish  with  easily  deciduous  scales,  wdiich  are  transversely 
elongated,  with  the  circuli  as  in  Xeohola,  but  with  better  defined 
apical  radii. 

(o.)  Barilius.  The  following  key  indicates  in  a  general  way  the  diag- 
nostic characters  of  tlie  scales  of  a  numl>er  of  African  and  Asiatic 
species. 

Large  reddish  scales  with  many  apical  radii 1. 

Smaller  pallid  scales     2. 

1.  Scale  much  broader  than  long B.  microlepis 

(Lake  Xyassa;  ./.  E.  S.  Moore). 

Scale  about  as  broad  as  long        B.  microcephalus 

(Lake  Nyassa ;  /.  E.  S.  Moore). 

2.  Scales  with  a  few  very  strong  radiating   ribs    (or   in    reverse, 

grooves),  and  in  all  things  resembling  those  of  Chela  argen- 
tea       «^. 

Scales  not  thus  marked 4. 

3.  Intervals  between  the  few  apical  radii  broad  .    .    .    .  B.  gatensis 

(Wynad,  F.  Day). 
Intervals  between  the  ai)ical  radii  much  narrower  .  B.  canarcnsis 

(S.  Canara,  F.  Day). 

4.  Scales  of  a  rather  broad  tyi)e ;  basal  radii  strong;  a  central  spot 

of  dark  pigment     .    .    .  B.  l)eiidelisis  (Simla,  F.  Day)  and  B. 
coeaa  (East  Indian  Company's  collection).     These  fishes  are 
mnch  alike. 
Scales  without  a  dark  pigment  spot 5. 

5.  Thin  scales  of  a  rather  or  very  broad  type B.  sardella 

(Lake  Nyassa,  E.  L.  IlJioades),  B.  uhangensis  (Kribi  River  at 
Efulon,  S.  Cameroon,  Bates),  B.  neavil  (mountain  stream 
near  Petanke,  N.  E.  Rhodesia,  »S'.  A.  Neave). 

Scales  not  especially  broad,  basal  radii  absent  or  somewhat  de- 
veloped  0. 

G.  African  .  .  B.  ?/ioo)'// (Snmba,  Lake  Tanganyika,  C'!n;?;/H<//o?;; 
not  adult),  B.  loati  (Gondokoro,  W.  L.  S.  Lout),  Jl.  kiiu/s- 
leyiv  (S.  Cameroon,  G.  L.  Hates).  B.  itiloticits  also  comes 
in  this  group. 

Asiatic     .    .    .  B.  iileo,  B.  andersoni,  B.  polylepis,   B.  goha,  B. 
harila,  B.  gutlalus,  B.  eagra,  B.  ornatus. 


144      Cockerelt — The  Scales  of  the  African  Cyprinid  Fishes. 

In  B.  iileo  there  are  two  rows  of  round  spot?  along  the  side.  Tlie 
upper  row,  of  larger  spots,  alternates  witli  the  lower.  B.  ijuttahis 
has  spots  much  as  in  B.  tilro,  and  B.  barila  has  ohscure  spots  of 
the  same  sort.     B.  oruatus  has  indications  of  the  same  spots. 

B.  gatensis  has  hars  in  place  of  the  spots;  B.  canarevsis  ii^  o])- 
scnrely  harred.  B.  ?ooii  and  near//"  have  vertical  hars;  B.  uhamj- 
ensis  looks  like  nearii.  B.  moorii  has  rather  ol)Scure  vertical  hars. 
B.  hingsleyx  has  dusky  lateral  spots.  B.  sardclln  is  a  slender 
species  with  easily  deciduous  scales.  B.  niloticus  has  the  hack 
dusky  and  the  sides  silvery,  without  hars  or  spots.  Dr.  Boulenger 
writes  me  (Dec,  1009)  that  he  has  now  removed  B.  sardclla  from 
Barilius  "and  placed  it,  also  with  the  Neohola,  under  the  name  of 
Engranlicypris  Giinther."  As  I  have  remarked  ahove,  the  scales 
are  very  similar  to  those  of  Neohola  argentcn.  The  lateral  circuli 
terminate  ol)li(|uely,  alxiut  the  middle  of  the  side,  herein  diftcriug 
very  conspicuously  from  those  of  ]>.  ubaugcnsis  and  nearii,  which 
are  placed  in  the  same  division  in  the  tahle. 

Pelotrophus  Giinther  may  lie  taken  to  include  T>.  mirrolepis 
and  B.  microccphalus  of  Lake  Nyassa,  constituting  a  subgenus,  I 
suppose. 

Opsaridium  Peters,  type  B.  zambesensis  Peters,  I  d(i  not  know. 

PachyHtoiiuis  Heckel  ini'ludes  Asiatic  species  with  funr  hai-licls, 
as  B.  Ijcmkle^iis  and  rayra.  The  name  PacJij/nfomiis  is  not  avail- 
able, having  been  used  more  than  thirty  years  earlier  in  Diptera. 
Day  also  recognizes  a  sul^genus  Bendelisis,  for  B.  barila,  a  vertically 
barred  species  with  two  barliels,  according  to  iiis  description, 
thongh  my  notes  from  tlie  lislies  (Assam,  F.  Dai/)  describe  obscure 
spots. 

According  to  the  scale-characters,  the  most  distinct  group  is  that 
of  B.  gatensis  and  ranarevsis;  these  are  jilaced  by  Day  in  typical 
BariJiua,  along  witli  />'.  (iico  and  B.  giitlahis. 

\\\{\i  tlie  removal  of  Ei)graiiliryj>ris,  tlie  African  P>arilii(x  remain 
a  fairly  compact  group,  with  no  imiiortant  dillerence  from  the 
Asiatic  forms.  Tlu'  large  lishes  called  Pclolroplms,  in  Lake  Nyassa, 
indicate  a  ct'rtain  amount  of  divergence,  in  response  to  conditions 
not  found  in  Asia. 

(4.)  Lrptocypris.  L.  modesliis  (  Ikinzyville,  I'hauzi,  Congo  Free  State, 
Cap!,  lloyaux).  Scales  about  ;!'4  mm.  long  and  .'>  broad,  with 
prominent  lafembasal  angles;  nuclear  area  far  basail;  obscure 
rudiments  of  basal  radii  ;  apical  radii  S  or  10,  well-deliued,  widely 
S[)aced ;  lateral  circuli  moderately  dense,  in  the  same  line  with  the 
closer  ai)ical  ones.  This  scale  is  ]ik(^  that  of  Barilius  Jcingsleyie, 
excejit  that  the  apical  radii  are  fewer. 

(5.)  Phoxinellns.     See  I'roc.  P.iol.  Soc.  Wash..  XXII  (1!»00),  p.  L'lO. 

(0. )  Baxbora.  I  liave  only  tlie  Asiali<'  h'.  argyrnlniiin  (  I'.arani,  Lorneo, 
Hose).     Tiie  scale  is  large  (about    li'  mm.  long  and  liroad),  with 


Cockerctl — The  Scales  of  the  African  Ci/prmid  Fishes.       145 

distinct  thouf^h  rounded  laterobasal  angles;  nuclear  area  su1)])asal, 
very  broad;  apical  radii  very  numerous  (45  or  more),  parallel; 
))asal  radii  similar  to  apical,  but  liner  and  closer;  basal  circuli 
transverse;  npircil  cirmli  all  longitudinal,  becoming  irregular  and 
more  or  less  wavy.  The  cliaracter  of  the  apical  circuli  is  very  dis- 
tinctive ;  it  is  an  extreme  development  of  the  condition  found  in 
C')vrhi)ia  jtillieni,  in  which  the  very  strong  apical  circuli  are  ol)lique, 
forming  with  the  radii  angles  of  about  4o  degrees. 

( 7. )  Barhng.  This  innnensc  genus  will  be  discussed  fully  in  a  later  paper ; 
it  will  suffice  at  the  present  moment  to  call  attention  to  some  of 
the  groupings  based  on  the  scales : 

(a.)  B.harhitfi  (typical)  group.  Scale  ol)long,  much  longer  than 
broad ;  the  apical  circuli  much  coarser  than  the  lateral ;  base  thrown 
into  folds,  one  of  which  projects,  as  in  tlie  American  genus  Gila. 
Also  includes  B.  lacertoides.     PaUearctic  group. 

(b. )  B.  eaiicnsicus  group.  Elongate-oval  scales,  without  the  basal 
lobe.  Numerous  European  species;  some,  as  B.  hocaqii,  much 
broader.  I>.  .tetlriiD/'n.'iiii  from  the  Atlas  Mts.  goes  in  this  group, 
l)ut  the  scale  is  broader  than  tyjiical,  with  the  lateral  radii  evanes- 
cent. A  very  distinct  tyjie  is  B.  grahami  from  Yunnan  Fu,  the 
scales  oval,  extremely  minute,  the  circuli  not  dense.  This  fish  has 
four  long  barbels. 

(c. )  B.  affinls  group.  Scales  allied  to  the  last,  but  much  shorter  and 
l)roader,  with  laterobasal  angles,  and  the  lateral  radii  usually  poorly 
di'velopiMl.  Well  developed  in  Asia,  with  such  species  as  B. 
u'ynade)isis,  B.  paradoxus,  B.  for  (mosal),  B.  hramoides,  B.  enop- 
losus  (but  fewer  radii),  B.  ohtusirostris  (but  peculiar),  and  the 
Persian  B.  hofschyi  (but  with  distinct  lateral  radii).  In  the  Medi- 
terrean  region  it  is  represented  by/?,  callt'nsis  (Algiers),  B.  h/diarnts 
(type  locality  Smyrna),  B.  ksihl  (Morocco),  B.  Jiarlerti  (Morocco) 
and  B.  sclatt'ri  from  the  Guadalquiver  River  in  Sjiain.  African 
species  are  7>.  hynni  (II.  Nile),  B.  affinis,  B.  siirki.^,  B.  oreas  (few 
ai)ical  radii ). 

(d.)  B.  iriacmiUani  group.  Much  like  the  last;  no  lateral  radii; 
basal  radii  few.  Also  includes  the  African  B.  tropidolepis  and  the 
Asiatic  B.  armalus.     A  doubtfully  valid  group. 

(e. )  B.  kolus  group,  also  including  B.  waldoi  from  ]\Iorocco.  Scales 
longer  and  narrower  than  in  the  last  group,  the  laterobasal  angles 
more  rounded.  The  base  of  the  scale  is  truncate,  not  rounded  as 
in  the  caucasicus  group. 

(f. )  B.  gonionotus  group,  including  also  B.  jarauicns  and  B.  alttis, 
all  Asiatic.  Base  of  scale  wavy;  lateral  radii  olilique.  May  be 
regarded  as  a  long  form  of  the  next  group. 


146      Cockerell — The  Scales  of  the  African  Cyprinid  Fishes. 

(g. )  B.  chilotfs  gronp.  Broad  scales,  a1)ont  a>;  hroad  as  long,  the 
laterohasal  angles  fairlj^  strong,  the  lateral  radii  usually  bent  in- 
wards centrad,  or  the  outer  ones  failing.  A  very  common  type  of 
scale,  including  the  African  B.  chilntes,  jilatystomits,  gorgitari, 
crlangeri,  plagiostomus,  duchendi,  oreas  (between  this  and  the 
ajfi)iis  group),  batesii,  rueppelli,  lobogenys,  allianalis,  nedgia,  rus- 
polii,  and  radcUffii. 

Asiatic  species  are  B.  Jithopidos  (l)ut  lateral  radii  not  curved 
basally),  hexastichvs,  douronensis,  ihomnssi,  carnaticus  (lateral 
radii  vert/  many),  malabaricus  and  jerdoni. 

(h. )  B.  micropogov  group.  Mu(!h  like  the  last,  liut  very  broad  scales, 
broader  than  long.  Includes  the  Asiatic  B.  micrnpogon,  jarsinus 
(hardly  so  broad),  oatesii  and  sharpryi  (I'crsia).  Also  the  African 
B.  leplosoma  (not  nearly  so  broad),  rolhschUdi  (]Morocco),  and 
progctij/f<. 

(i.)  B.  loiigiceps,  from  the  Lake  of  Cialilee,  has  a  peculiar  (ina<lrate 
scale  with  rounded  corners,  and  very  many  radii,  apical  and  basal. 

(j.)  J>.  /k> w; 7.7' /■/ group.  Shape  nearly  as  in  r(///y//.s  gniu}i,  laterohasal 
angles  evident;  middle  of  base  emarginate;  radii  well  developed 
all  round.  Here  go  the  Asiatic  B.  chiUnoides  (himalayensis)  and 
macrovema  (large  scale,  rather  peculiar),  and  the  African  />'.  bon)- 
kcri  {laarujiioisis),  gregorii  (l)ut  basal  radii  fewer,  and  weak; 
lateral  radii  weak),  inlermedivs  (Imt  Inisal  radii  longer,  nuclear 
area  nonnal),  inermis  (much. like  intermedins),  gudaricus  (large 
scale),  margarita,  hursensis,  hotlrgoi  and  frilsrJiii,  the  last  from 
Morocco.     The  miclear  area  is  usually  l)roadly  granular. 

(k.)  /?.  opogon  ffnmp.  INIuch  like  the  last  in  form,  l)ut  no  lateral 
radii,  and  basal  radii  nearly  obsolete,  or  with  a  single  one  going  to 
the  notch.  Includes  the  S.  African  J!,  luihihi,  and  the  Asiatic  /.'. 
srhlcgeJii  (Formosa  and  Japan),  Inben,  collingwoodii,  maculaInK, 
re}iax!ion,  esocinus  (Persian  tiulf),  yunnanensis,  apogon,  chnginiio 
and  eompressus  (but  apical  radii  fewer,  and  two  or  three  weak 
basal  radii). 

(1.)  7>.  brevibarbus  group  (African).  :\ruch  like  the  last,  but  scale 
obtusely  triangular;  a  slight  tendency  to  jnilj-goual  areas  in  nuclear 
region,  aflbrding  some  transition  to  the  following  groups. 

Thefour  following  groups  are  closely  related,  and  very  distinct  from 
all  the  i)revious  ones,  having  a  few  very  strong  radii  (ai)ical  and 
basal)  coming  from  the  miclear  area,  in  the  niaiuier  of  the  Chara- 
cinid  <xrnu^  A lestcs.  This  may  be  calle(i  alcstiform  scul|itun'.  In 
many  cases  the  miclear  area  is  broken  up  into  [xilygonal  spaces; 
this  may  occur  or  i)e  absent  in  scales  from  the  same  lisli. 

(m.)  B.  pin  naiuxt  I  Its  jirou\i.  Scale  suhijuadrate,  at  least  as  long  as 
broad,  with  rather  numerous  strong  radii.     Includes  the  Asiatic 


Cockcrdl — The  Scales  of  the  African  Cyprinid  Fishes.       147 

B.  pmnauratus,  sarana  (large  scale,  with  ])asal  region  larger), 
scJianicus,  dorsalis,  diola,  pleurotxnia,  and  the  African  B.  perince 
(R.  Xile)  and  camptacanlJius. 

(n.)  B.  rjonhjsoma  group.  Like  the  last,  hnt  the  polygonal  nuclear 
pattern  excessively  developed.  Includes  the  Asiatic  ijoniosoma, 
maculatus  (fish  very  like  goniosoma)  and  hurmanicus.  The  African 
B.  f/arnci/i  (natalensis)  may  go  here,  but  is  peculiar. 

(o.)  B.  h I o-chelli  gronp.  Like  pinnaMr«<MS  group,  V^ut  scales  Ijroader. 
Lateral  circuli  coarse  in  hurcJiclU,  fine  in  others,  as  mahccoln.  In- 
cludes the  African -B.  burcheUi,  t.niiurus,  capensis,  aspilus,  (some 
polygonal  areas),  guirali,  nunimifer,  rJioadesl  (\mt  radii  weak)  and 
trispilus  {n^aJkeri).  Asiatic  species  are  B.  lateristriga  (scale  not  so 
l)road),  ]mlawaiiensis,  liampal  (immense  scale,  not  so  broad)  and 
maliccola. 

(p.)  B.  cJtri/f^opomd  (Asiatic).  Scale  of  the  ])hinniiratus  type,  but 
long,  with  the  nuclear  area  far  apicad. 

It  is  not  suggested  that  all  these  groups  are  natural,  l)ut  to  some 
extent  at  least  they  must  be  significant.  Later  studies  will  no 
doubt  suggest  modifications,  especially  wlien  tlie  characters  of  the 
fishes  are  correlated.  Some  generic  and  subgeneric  names  are 
applicable  as  follows : 

Cheilobarbus  A.  Smith.     Type,  cnpensis  (gr.  o. ) 

Pseuilobnrbus  A.  Smith.     Ty|ie  burchi'Ili  (gr.  o. ) 

Ani'inaticJilhi/.'f  Bleeker.     Type  upogon  (gr.  k.  ) 

i/f m//jar/v/s  Bleeker.     Type  ^rtc/m.s  Schlegel  iachlcgclii)    (gr.  k.  ) 

Labcobdrbij.f  Uiipi).     Type  vedgia  (gr.  g. ) 

Numerous  other  names  have  been  jiroposed  for  subdivisions  of 
BcD-hus,  which  is  here  interpreted  in  the  broadest  sense,  following 
Bouleuger.  No  doul)t  some  of  these  represent  valid  genera,  and  it 
is  pnibable  that  Bctrbus  should  ])e  restricted  to  the  Pala?arctic 
groups,  but  I  am  not  in  a  position  to  propose  a  new  classification. 
According  to  any  reasonable  scheme,  it  appears  that  enough  generic 
names  already  exist  to  supply  all  requirements,  unless  perhaps  a 
name  should  be  ]troi)osed  (at  least  in  a  subgeneric  sense)  for 
B.  grahami  of  Regan. 

Day,  in  liis  work  on  the  species  of  British  India,  recognized 
three  subgenera: 

Barbados,  with  four  barbels. 

Capo'i'ia,  with  two  barliels. 

Puiitius,  without  barbels. 

I  have  examined  the  scales  of  17  of  his  Barbodcx,  five  of  his 
CapoHa,  and  two  (ajxjgon  and  Jilatnenlosiis)  of  his  Pnnlius.  On 
the  scale  characters,  the  groups  do  not  hang  well  together,  and  for 
this  and  other  reasons  I  believe  they  are  to  a  considerable  extent 
artificial.  Day  calls  attention  to  the  great  resemblance  between 
B.  maliccola,  which  has  four  barbels,  and  B.  filamcnlosus,  which 


148      Cockerell — The  Scales  of  the  African  Cyprinid  Fishes. 

has  none,  and  even  raises  the  question  whetlier  they  are  (Ustinct 
species. 

(8.)    Varicorhinns.     An  Asiatic  and  African  genus  related  to  Lahco  and 
Barbus.     I  have  examined  three  species: 

T'.  bcso.  Hawasli  River  {Zaphlro).  Scale  al)Out  11 3^2  mui-  long 
and  14  broad;  laterobasal  angles  much  greater;  basal  and  lateral 
circuli  very  fine,  apical  (on  exposed  part  of  scale)  al)ruptly  difler- 
entiated,  very  coarse,  broken  up  into  tnl)ercles  between  the  radii; 
nuclear  area  nearly  central;  ai)ical  radii  nuinerous,  al)out  40, 
parallel,  not  very  conspicuous  ;  basal  radii  three  or  four,  feel)le  and 
broken.  This  rather  recalls  some  of  the  Labro  scales,  but  is  much 
broader,  and  without  or  with  oidy  faint  traces  of  the  curved  lateral 
radii.     This  is  the  type  of  the  genus. 

V.  taiKjanicr.  Lake  Tanganyika  (Cinni.iinffon).  Small  delicate 
scales  about  4  mm.  long,  about  as  broad  as  long,  varying  to  broader 
than  long,  obtusely  subtriangular,  with  a  broad  basal  median  lobe. 
Nuclear  area  broadly  roughened ;  lateral  and  basal  circuli  widely 
spaced,  or  the  basal  fairly  dense;  apical  circuli  evanescent;  apical 
radii  about  IS,  delicate,  wavy;  basal  radii  as  in  V.  bcso.  Very 
distinct  from  V.  bcso.   ■, 

V.  marocrauHS.  Gum  Erl)iah,  Morocco  (Jlif/goibacJi).  Not 
adult.  Scales  subquadrate,  about  (>  nun.  long  and  (^)4  broad; 
structure  essentially  as  in  V.  ba^o,  with  the  same  sort  of  tuberculate 
apical  circuli.  Apical  radii  about  Ki;  nuclear  area  circulate  to 
middle  or  very  broadly  rugose;  feeble  and  broken  basal  radii 
rather  numerous.    Belongs  to  the  subgenus  Pterocapocia  Giinther. 

In  Boulenger's  key,  1'.  bcso  goes  in  the  first  division,  with  three 
other  species,  while  T'.  maroccau us  -dml  ?a/?^rt?v/o.T  form  the  second. 
It  seems  evident,  however,  that  the  two  latter  are  not  closely 
allied.  T'.  maroccaniis,  in  spite  of  several  peculiarities,  must  be 
grouped  with  V.  beso,  while  T'.  <(ni.7a/i*c.r  Boulenger  forms  a  group 
apart.  The  tanr/aniar  group  is  distinguished  not  only  by  the 
small  size  ( (14-70  in  lateral  line)  and  sculpture  of  the  scales,  but  by 
the  dorsal  originating  above  the  ventrals,  the  last  simple  ray  very 
strong  and  ossified,  the  large  eye,  the  reduction  of  the  barbels  to  a 
single  rudimentary  pair,  and  the  falcate  apex  of  the  dorsal  and  of 
the  caudal  lobes. 

Dr.  Boulenger  (lilOl)  originally  described  ]'.  tanganicx  as  a 
member  of  the  Asiatic  genus  Cnporta,  writing  as  follows: 

"  The  discovery  of  a  sjjecies  of  this  geiuis  in  Lake  Tanganyika  is 
particularly  interesting  from  the  fact  that  only  one  was  known 
from  Africa,  viz.  the  Abyssinian  C.  diUonii  V.  and  V.;  this  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  absence  of  barbels  and  the  greater  size  of  the 
scales  (;>0  to  W'l  in  the  lateral  line).  In  the  presence  of  a  pair  of 
barbels  and  the  small  size  of  the  scales,  C.  tauycuiicw  belongs  to 


Cochercll — The  Scales  of  the  African  Cyprinid  Fishes.      149 

the  typical  section  nf  the  genus,  inhabiting  southwestern  Asia;  hu\ 
it  lias  the  enlarged  dorsal  ray  neither  feel)leas  in  C.  fundulns  I'all. 
and  allied  species,  nor  serrated  as  in  C.  tnitfa  Heck." 

C.  (liUonii  is  now  i)laced  by  Ur.  Boulenger  in  the  synonymy  of 
T'.  heso.  Upon  conii)aring  the  scales  of  1^  tanrjanicx  with  those 
of  Asiatic  Capo'Ha,  I  find  a  very  marked  resemblance.  Caporla 
fi(7uhilus  (Knra  River,  St.  Peters) mrg  ^Museum)  has  scales  closely 
like  those  of  T'.  tangauiav  in  size,  sculpture  and  consistency,  but 
broader,  with  the  apical  radii  strong  and  not  wavy.  C.  stein- 
dachneri,  Kessl,  is  rather  more  modified,  tiie  scales  l)eing  longer 
than  broa<],  with  strong  laterobasal  angles,  and  the  sul)ai)ical  cir- 
culi  forming  strong  o])lique  ridges.  The  scales  of  C.  (  Gnatliupogoii ) 
gracilis  are  clo.se  to  those  of  T"".  tanganicx,  but  the  apical  radii  are 
stronger,  and  the  tuliercles  formed  l)y  the  circuli  l)etween  them  are 
large. 

All  things  considered,  V.  ianganiar  does  seem  to  stand  apai't 
from  true  Varicorhinus,  and  shows  some  atRnity  with  Capo'Ha.  It 
may  therefore  be  taken  as  the  type  of  a  new  sul»genus  Acai-oeta. 

(!i. )  Discognathus.  A  genus  of  southern  Asia  and  northeast  Africa, 
especially  found  in  torrents  and  mountain  rivers,  having  a  more  or 
less  developed  suctorial  disc  on  the  chin.  The  skin  is  usually 
thick,  and  is  always  be.set  with  numerous  minute  jjigment  dots;  in 
D.  johnstonii  these  are  rather  larger  and  very  den.se,  producing  a 
sort  of  line  marbling.  According  to  Day,  typical  Discognathus  f)f 
ITeckel,  which  T  have  not  seen,  has  only  one  pair  of  barbels.  The 
Indian  and  African  species  have  two  pairs,  and  go  in  the  subgenus 
Garra  Ham.  Buch.  The  only  Asiatic  species  I  have  examined  is 
D.  lamta  from  Harnai,  Afghanistan  {F.  Dug).  This  has  sub- 
quadrate  scales,  broader  than  long  (about  (i  nun.  long  and  (\% 
broad),  the  apical  half  covered  by  the  yellow  skin.  Laterobasal 
angles  evident  but  obtuse ;  basal  and  lateral  circuli  very  fine;  apical 
radii  excessively  line  and  immerous,  only  about  70  to  !I0  /tx  ai)art, 
giving  the  idea  that  they  may  be  merely  coarse  longitudinal 
circuli,  but  the  remains  of  the  true  apical  circuli  (following  the 
line  of  evolution  initiated  ])y  Varicorhinus)  are  visible  as  rounded 
tubercles  between  the  radii;  ])asal  radii  irregular  and  poorly 
developed,  as  in  allied  forms.  This  scale  can  easily  be  recognized 
as  an  extreme  mollification  of  the  Varicorhinus  type.  The  ajiical 
tubercles  (remains  of  circuli)  are  suggestive  of  those  found  in 
Capoi'ta  gracilis  though  of  course  they  are  much  smaller. 

The  four  African  species  of  Discognathus  seen  by  me  have  .smaller 
and  broader  scales  (4  mm.  broad  and  ;^>  long  in  D.  johnstonii,  the 
others  a  little  smaller). 

D.  hlanfordii.  Jerrer  IJiver,  near  Harrar  (7?.  7>('r/e/0.  Formerly 
confused  with  D.  lamta,  with  which  the  scale  agrees  in  all  impor- 
tant features.  The  basal  radii  are  fairly  numerous,  hut  very 
irregular. 


loO      Cockerell-^Thc  Srahs  of  the  African  CyprimJ  Fhhcs. 

D.  johnstoiil.  Victoria  Xyaiiza  (Sir  II.  Johnston).  Appparanre 
of  scale  much  a;^  in  D.  binnfordii,  liut  the  hiterohasal  angles  have 
wholly  disappeared,  and  the  broad  nuclear  area  is  broken  up  by  a 

■  number  of  short  irregular  lines.  The  apical  radii  extend  to  the 
side  of  the  scale,  where  they  are  obliquely  crossed  by  the  circuli. 
The  lateral  circuli  are  not  so  regular  as  in  D.  lamta. 

D.  fjiiadrimaculains.  Lake  Zwai  (Zaphiro).  Scale  much  as  in  T). 
hlanfordii.  Laterobasal  angles  rudimentary ;  nuclear  area  very  far 
basad ;  apical  radii  extremely  fine,  the  middle  ones  about  oO  m  a]»art ; 
lateral  radii  irregular  and  widely  spaced,  obliquely  crossed  by  cir- 
culi; apical  circuli  represented  by  scattered  round  tubercles. 

D.  (lemheemis.  Matti  R.  (Blue  Nile)  (P.  C.  Zaphiro).  Thin  scales 
embedded  in  thick  skin.  Scales  essentially  as  in  qnadriviamlal <(.'<, 
the  nuclear  area  far  basad.  The  short  basal  radii  are  well  devel- 
oped, and  extend  laterally  in  an  irregular  manner,  so  that  tiie  scale 
is  radiate  all  round. 

Thus,  so  far  as  the  scales  go,  the  genus  DiscogncUhn.^  hangs  well 
together,  and  is  separable  from  Varicorltinvx  l)y  the  extreme  close- 
ness of  the  radii. 

( 10. )  Laheo.     The  scales  of  this  large  genus  may  be  divided  into  a  uum- 
ber"of  groups,  as  in  IkirhHs. 

(a.)  L.  fimhriatus  group.  Scales  very  long,  parallel-sided,  rounded 
apically,  truncate  basally;  those  oi  fnnbrialns  are  aliout  1")  nun. 
long  and  9  broad.  A  very  distinctive  group,  api)roached,  but  not 
nearly  equalled,  in  Barbus  by  the  group  of  i>.  goiiionotuts.  The 
species  are  Asiatic,  including  L.  cur.m,  microphthalmns,  kawrus, 
gon'nis,  fimbriates,  bata,  kontiiis,  h'schnianltii  ;  and  as  a  subgroup 
with  shorter  scales  L.  dussninieri,  pangnsia,  chaJi/beatiis  iuu\  nigri- 
pinnis.  The  apical  circuli  are  broken  up  into  tubercles;  the  apical 
radii  diller,  being  much  more  innnerous  in  //.  Jiala  tlian  iu  L. 
findiriatiis.  One  African  species,  L.  barl/atus  llouleuger  (  llonui, 
]jower  Congo)  might  be  classed  with  the  shorter-scaled  division  of 
this  grou]),  but  it  is  n-ally  a  rather  narrow-scaled  memlier  of  tiie 
marrosloma  grou[). 

(1).)  L.  'laacrostoma  group.  Scales  of  the  subipiadrate  type,  but  not 
much  elongated ;  basal  margin  obtusely  lobed  iu  middle.  I  have 
placed  here  the  Asiatic  L.  calliasn  and  falcatns  (dgi)rltilns),  but  the 
latter  is  broader.  The  African  species  are  numerous,  including  /.. 
macrostoma,  niloticus  (few  basal  \-.\d\\) ,  annectms  (but  broader), 
cylindricns,  mesnps,  vclifn-  (large  reildisli  ^ca]('),  forshalU,  green  it 
and  victoriavvs.  The  large  scales  of  L.  viclorianiis  are  badly  in- 
fested by  some  parasite. 

(c.)  L.  sladoni  grouji.  bike  tiu'  last,  but  no  basal  I'adii,  and  the 
basal  margin  straight,  or  not  obviously  lobed.     This  group  consists 


Cockereil — The  Scales  of  the  African  Ci/prinid  Fishes.       151 

of  two  lots  of  species,  one  Asiatic,  the  other  from  tlie  Transvaal. 
The  Asiatic  inemhers  are  L.  sladoul  (Mandalay,  F.  Day),  L. 
ricnorhiinchiis  (Janiu,  ITiinalayas,  SchJnijiiitireit),  L.  biculor  (Cal- 
cutta, F.  Dai/),  L.  s///(/t'//.s/.s  and  L.  (Jiplot^tonuis.  The  Transvaal 
ones  are  L.  ?"o.s.r,  rnthli  and  capensls.  This  .(jfrouj)  prohahly  has  no 
proper  standing,  bnt  consists  ratlu'r  of  slightly  divergent  members 
of  the  last. 

(  d. )  L.  aUivelis  group.  The  often  large  scales  sculptured  about  as  in 
the  ?/t<7C?"Osfo?rta  group,  but  subcircular,  without  laterobasal  angles. 
All  African,  including  L.  allivrlis,  sencf/aloii^is,  Jineatns,  couhie 
(many  basal  radii),  darllngi  and  timhratus.  The  last  is  tlie  tyjje 
of  Ahrostomus  A.  Smith.  Jj.  lioric  forms  a  subgroup  with  reduced 
sculpture. 

(e.)  L.  icalkcri  (bracJiijporim)  group.  Type  of  inacrostomn,  but  the 
scales  becoming  ()l)tusely  subtriangular.  Tiiis  may  be  com|)ared 
with  tiie  hrcviharhls  grouj)  of  Ilarhus. 

( f. )  L.  cJiri/sopJiekadion  grouj).  This  species,  from  the  jNIenam 
River,  Siam,  is  very  distinct  by  the  character  of  the  apical  circuli, 
which  instead  of  being  broken  up  into  tubercles,  are  continuous, 
and  meet  at  a  sharp  angle  in  the  middle  line,  as  in  Cirrhiiia 
jnllieiii.  They  are  however  denser  than  in  the  Cirrhina.  Tj. 
rohila  from  Calcutta  (,,Thos.  Moore)  has  essentially  the  same  struc- 
ture, but  the  circuli  are  more  or  less  broken  ui)  into  tubercles. 
The  shape  of  the  scale  is  essentially  as  in  the  macrostoma  group. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  grouping  of  Laheo  here  given  does  not 
accord  well  with  that  based  (e.  g.  by  Boulenger)  on  the  fishes. 
There  is  however  a  tendency  for  the  groups  to  agree  with  geograph- 
ical areas,  and  it  is  probable  that  they  have  some  real  significance. 
No  doubt  some  of  the  groups  are  artificial,  including  similar  look- 
ing scales  which  actually  have  difl'erent  origins. 

Tiegarded  as  a  whole,  the  African  Cyprinid  fauna  i)resents  some 
curious  historical  problems.  Africa  is  the  home  of  a  varied  fauna 
of  Characinids,  which  belong  to  endi'mic  genera.  As  America  was 
])rol)ably  the  home  of  this  family,  and  in  view  of  the  distinctness 
of  the  African  Characinid  fauna  from  tliat  found  in  the  Neotropical 
Region,  it  nnist  be  supposed  that  the  arrival  of  the  Characinids  in 
Africa  took  place  very  long  ago,  perhaps  in  the  Mesozoic.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  Ethiopian  Cyprinid  fauna  is  obviously  Asiatic,  and 
the  amount  of  endemicity  (aside  from  species)  is  so  slight  that  we 
must  postulate  a  more  recent  period  of  arrival,  certainly  Tertiary, 
perhaps  not  earlier  than  ^Miocene.  It  is  curious  that  with  the 
country  so  well  stocked  in  advance  with  Characinids,  it  was  ]>ossi- 
ble  for  the  Cyprinids  to  spread  even  to  the  extreme  south,  and 
produce  such  a  large  nundjer  of  specific  forms.  This  may  be  due 
in  part  to  a  greater  adaptability  (already  well  developed  in  Asia) 


152      Cockerell — The  Scales  of  the  African  Cypniud  Fishes. 

to  ujiland  streams,  as  may  Ik?  suggested  liy  the  great  number  and 
variety  of  species  in  Al)jssinia. 

Another  interesting  feature  is  tlie  paljcarctir  fauna,  ])ni>r  in 
species,  in  north  Africa.  This  fauna  docs  not  have  tilings  all  its 
own  way.  It  seems  natural  enough  that  Kthidjiian  types  should 
come  down  the  Xile  into  Lower  Egypt,  hut  it  is  curious  that  the 
surprisingly  rich  (as  to  species)  fauna  in  the  Atlas  ^fonntains 
should  be  mixed,  Pahearctic  and  Ethioi)ian.  Thi<  seems  to  jmint 
to  former  (IMiocene)  conditions  in  the  Sahara  region,  very  (lill'erent 
from  those  ol)served  to-day. 


Pkoc.  Rior,.  Soc.  Wa^h.,  XXIII,  1910 


Pr.ATE  III. 


Fig.  1.  Barhiif!  rhri/nopniiia. 

Fig.  2.  Lahro  tiiiibriafini. 

Fig.  3.   lldrhiif:  hiitrxii. 

Fig.  4.  Barbas  harbus  (culgaris) . 


■Scales  of  Cypijixid.e. 

Fig.  5.  Barbus  ksibi. 
V\g.  (i.  Bdrhim  pleiiroticnia. 
Fig.  7.  Lnhro  >if7iefinlc)isis. 
Fig.  S.  Virrlihin  juliicni. 


Fig.    9.  Barbiin  c/raliami. 
Fig.  10.  Bariliiis  loKti. 
Fig.  11.  Chehftlii(>t)»  bibic. 
Fig.  12.  Chela  ai-<jentea. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  153-156  December  6,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


TWO  NEW  WOQDPECKERS  FROM  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

BY  W.  E.  CLYDE  TODD. 


Ill  tlie  course  of  tlic  writer's  studies  of  the  neotropical  birds 
in  the  collection  of  the  Carnegie  Museum,  two  heretofore  unrec- 
ognized races  of  the  genus  Melnnerpes  have  been  discovered, 
but  pending  the  examination  of  additional  material  their  pub- 
lication has  been  delayed.  INIore  recent  comparisons  having 
apparently  confirmed  their  validity,  it  has  seemed  best  to  pub- 
lish descriptions  of  the  new  forms  in  advance  of  the  more 
extensive  ])aper  in  which  they  were  originally  intended  to 
appear.  The  type  specimens  have  been  generously  presented 
to  the  Carnegie  Museum  by  Pomona  College,  Claremont,  Cali- 
fornia, through  the  courtesy  of  Prof.  C.  F.  Baker. 

Melanerpes   formicivorus  albeolus  subsp.  nov. 

BELIZE  WOODPECKER. 

Type,  No.  3l', 702,  Collection  Carnegie  Museum,  adult  male;  near  Mana- 
tee, British  Honduras,  September  21,  1905;  J.  D.  Johnson. 

Subsprcifi.c  chararfers.—^umhAr  to  if.  f.  striatipectus  Eidgway,  but 
with  sides  and  flanks  much  less  streaked,  and  throat  paler  yellow,  often 
nearly  white. 

Description.— Adn\t  male:  nasal  tufts,  chin,  sides  of  head  and  neck, 
upper  breast,  cervix,  back,  wings,  and  tail  black  with  a  metallic  green 
sheen,  less  decided  on  remiges  and  rectrices,  the  outer  pair  of  rectrices  with 
small  distal  spots  of  white,  a  large  white  patch  at  base  of  primaries,  and 
the  secondaries  barred  with  white  on  inner  webs;  rump,  upper  tail- 
coverts,  forehead,  mastax,  throat,  breast,  abdomen,  and  crissum  white, 
tlie  throat  washed  with  canary  yellow,  the  breast  broadly,  the  sides, 
flanks  and  cris.sum  narrowly  streaked  with  black  ;  w  hole  crown  and  occi- 
put red. 

Adult  female  similar,  liut  crown  black. 

Measurements  of  type.— Wing,  136  mm. ;  tail,  82;  exposed  culmen,  25; 
tarsus,  21. 

3G— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXiri,  1910.  (153) 


154     Todd — Tioo  Neio  Woodpeckers  from  Central  America. 

Remarks. — The  new  form  resembles  the  more  southern  M.  f.  striatipec- 
ius  in  the  character  and  extent  of  the  breast  striping,  but  differs  as  afore- 
said, tlie  tliroat  being  practically  white  or  witii  onlj'  a  slight  tinge  of 
canary  yellow,  while  in  strintippctHn  this  color  is  more  ]-)rononnced  and 
constant  (irres])ective  of  season)  than  in  any  other  form  of  this  species. 
Compared  with  M.  f.  formicivorus  from  Tetela  del  Volcan,  Morelos, 
]Mexico,  assumed  to  ])e  typical,  the  British  Honduras  bird  differs  further 
in  ])eing  much  less  distinctly  streaked  on  the  sides  and  fianks,  giving  it  a 
Avhiter  appearance  below,  this  character  serving  to  separate  it  from  all 
the  other  known  forms,  while  the  pectoral  band  is  less  "solid,"  more 
extensively  striated.  None  of  tiie  series  of  birds  examined  from  eastern 
Mexico  approach  the  present  form  at  all  closely,  so  that  it  seems  well 
entitled  to  recognition.  I  have  seen  no  examples  from  Honduras,  but 
Guatemala  specimens  seem  referable  to  true  fnrmic.ivorus ,  so  that  it  is 
probable  that  the  present  form  is  confined  to  the  coast  region  of  British 
Honduras,  possibly  extending  northward  into  Yucatan. 

Melanerpes  pucherani  perileucus  suljsp.  nov. 

WHITE-BARRED  WOODPECKER. 

Type,  No.  32,703,  Collection  Carnegie  Museum,  adult  male;  near  Mana- 
tee, British  Honduras,  December  22,  1905;   J.  I).  Johnson. 

Subspea'fic  cliaracters. — Similar  to  Melanerpes  pucherani  from  Nicara- 
gua southward,  but  with  more  white  on  the  wing-coverts,  rectrices, 
remiges,  and  back;  and  the  abdominal  red  more  restricted. 

Description. — Adult  male:  extreme  forehead  cadmium  yellow;  crown 
and  occiput  carmine ;  postorbital  stripe,  superciliary  stripe,  cervix,  sides 
of  neck,  back,  wings,  and  tail  jjlack,  the  back  regularly  barred  with 
white,  the  wings  (except  lesser  coverts)  conspicuously  spotted  externally, 
barred  internally  with  white,  the  outer  pair  of  rectrices  imperfectly  barred 
distally  with  bntfy  white,  the  middle  pair  broadly  l)arred  on  inner  webs 
with  pure  white;  a  white  postocular  spot;  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts 
white,  somewhat  spotted  and  barred  with  black;  lower  parts  olive  gray, 
deepest  on  breast,  whitish  on  crissum,  and  barred  with  black  on  all  pos- 
terior portions;  middle  of  abdomen  carmine;  lining  of  wing  mottled 
black  and  white. 

Adult  female  similar,  but  crown  black,  bnffy  white  on  anterior  middle 
part. 

Measurements  of  type. — Wing,  115  mm.;  tail,  01;  exposed  culmen, 
23.5;  tarsus,  21. 

Remarks. — Zebrapicus  pucherani  was  described  by  Malherbe  (Revue  et 
Magasin  de  Zoologie,  1S49,  542)  from  "Tabago"  (lege  Tobago),  a  locality 
where  the  species  is  not  known  to  occur.  The  later  description  and  i)late 
by  the  same  author  (^lonograpliie  des  Picidees,  II,  1S()2,  227,  PI.  10;*), 
figs.  1,  2),  however,  seems  to  apply  better  to  the  form  inhabiting  Nica- 
ragua, Costa  Rica,  and  Panama,  which  is  characterized  maiidy  l)y  the 
less  amount  of  white  on  the  Ijack,  wings,  and  tail,  this  color  being  very 
prominent  in  the  northern  bird,  giving  a  decidedly  barred  effect  to  the 


Todd — Two  New  Woodpeckers  from  Central  America.     155 

upper  parts.  The  South  American  l)ird  may  possibly  belong  to  a  third 
form,  judging  from  the  only  skin  available  (No.  101,21)7,  U.  S.  National 
Museum,  Guayaquil,  Ecuador),  which  may  be  the  true  pucherani,  but 
in  any  case  the  l)ird  occurring  from  Honduras  northward  to  southern 
Mexico  is  subspecitically  separable.  The  differences  are  obvious  even  in 
young  birds,  as  may  l)e  seen  Ijy  comparing  two  such  sijecimens  as  Nos. 
192,800,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Carrillo,  Costa  Rica,  and  112,582,  Trux- 
illo,  Honduras,  September  27,  1887,  both  in  fresh  juvenal  dress.  Care 
must  be  taken  in  making  comparisons  to  choose  specimens  in  the  same 
state  of  plumage,  for  the  white  spots  and  edgings  wear  away  more  readily 
than  the  black  areas,  as  in  other  woodpeckers.  Many  of  the  Mexican 
specimens  examined  are  in  poor  plumage,  and  consequently  fail  to  show 
the  distinctive  characters  to  the  best  advantage. 

The  form  under  consideration  is  evidently  that  which,  according  to 
Malherbe  (/.  c),  had  been  provisionally  designated  as  melanotis  by  Dr. 
Sclater  in  1857,  but  this  name  is,  of  course,  a  pure  nomen  nudum. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  157-164  December  6,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


ON    A  COLLECTION    OF   FISHES    FROM    THE    LOWER 

POTOMAC,   THE  ENTRANCE   OF  CHESAPEAKE 

BAY,  AND  FROM    STREAMS  FLOWING 

INTO  THP]SE  WATERS.* 

BY  BARTON  WARREN  EVERMANN  AND 
SAMUEL  FREDERICK  HILDEBRAND. 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  Fisheries. 


/■. 


The  collection  upon  \vhich  this  paper  is  based  is  a  miscella- 
neous one,  made  chiefly  in  behalf  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission 
at  various  times  during  the  years  1892  to  1900,  by  the  U.  S. 
Fisheries  Steamer  Fish  Hawk,  and  by  Messrs.  M.  C.  Marsh, 
W.  C.  Kendall,  W.  H.  Sterling,  E.  C.  Starks,  W.  T.  Lindsay, 
A.  Marmaduke,  E.  Daws,  and  Capt.  L.  G.  Harron.  This 
material  remained  unstudied  until  recently  when  the  present 
writers  went  over  the  entire  lot.  It  was  found  to  contain  sev- 
eral interesting  species,  and  enables  us  to  record  an  extension 
of  the  geographic  range  of  a  number  of  species  beyond  their 
previously  recorded  limits.  It  is  hoped  that  the  publication  of 
this  list  may  prove  of  interest  to  students  of  the  fish  fauna  of 
the  region  covered  by  the  collection. 

The  waters  and  localities  from  which  specimens  have  been 
obtained  by  the  above  named  collectors  are  as  follows: 

Potomac  River  at  Jackson  City,  Alexandria,  and  Mathias 
Point,  Ya.;  Bryans  Point,  Somerset  Beach,  Riverside,  Blacki- 
stone  Island,  Piney  Point,  and  St.  Georges  Island,  Md.;  Matta- 
pony  River  at  Milford,  Ya.;  Blackwells  Mill  Creek,  Cockerel 
Creek,  Cape  Charles  City,  Mobjack  Bay,  Gloucester  Point, 
Buckroe  Beach,  Old  Point  Comfort,  Hampton  Roads,  Hampton 
Creek,  Ocean  View,  and  Cape  Henry,  Ya. 

*  Published  by  permission  of  Hon.  George  M.  Bowers,  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Fish- 
eries. 

37— Pkoc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash..  Vol.  XXIII.  1910.  U57) 


158  Evermann  and  Hildehrand — Fishes  from  Lower  Potomac. 

This  collection  consists  of  a  total  of  1,487  specimens,  all  of 
which  have  been  deposited  in  the  National  Museum. 

1.  Notropis  hudsonius  (De  Witt  Clinton). 

SPAWN-EATER;   SPOT-TAILED  MINNOW;  SHINER. 
Four  specimens,  1.5  to  2.3  inches  long,  from  ]Mattapony  River. 

2.  Notropis  hudsonius  amarus  (Girard). 

SHINER:  SFAWN-E.^TER;  SILVER-FIN. 

Five  specimens,  2.75  to  4  inches  long,  from  Jackson  City. 

3.  Notropis  amoenus  (Abbott). 
Two  specimens,  1.5  and  2.()  inches  long,  from  Mattapony  River. 

Hybopsis  kentuckiensis  (Rafinesque). 

HOKXY-IIEAD;  RIVER  CHUIJ. 

Five  specimens,  2.5  to  5  inches  long,  from  Mattapony  River. 
5.  Anguilla  rostrata  (Le  Sneur). 

AMERICAN  EEL;    FRESHWATER  EEL. 

Three  specimens,  3  to  11  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach;  two,  11 
and  12  inches  long,  from  Riverside. 

6.  Pomolobus  mediocris  (Mitchill). 

HICKORY  SHAD;   FALL  HERRING. 

Thirty-two  specimens,  1.5  to  2  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach; 
three,  2  to  2.5  inches  long,  from  Riverside;  one,  3  inches  long,  from  St. 
Georges  Island:  twenty-eight,  3.25  to  4  inches  long,  from  the  mouth  of 
Hampton  Creek. 

7.     Pomolobus  pseudoharengus  (Wilson). 

ALEWIFE;  BRANCH  HERRING. 

Seven  specimens,  1.75  to  2.25  inches  long,  from  Bryans  Point. 

8.  Pomolobus  zestivalis  (Mitchill). 
GLUT  HERRING;  SUMMER  HERRING. 
Twenty-one  specimens,  1.8  to  2.25  inches  long,  from  Riverside;  one, 
1.5  inches  long,  from  Blackistone  Island;  eighteen,  2  to  2.2  inches  long, 
from  St.  Georges  Island ;  fifty-six,  1.4  to  1.0  inches  long,  from  Cockerel 
Creek;  three,  1.5  to  2.4  inches  long,  from  Buckroe  Beach;  eighty-four, 
2.4  to  3  inches  long,  from  the  month  of  Ham])ton  Creek. 

9.  Alosa  sapid issima  (Wilson). 

COMMON  SHAD;  AMEUICAX  SHAD;   POTOMAC  SHAD. 

Forty-six  specimens,  1  to  1.5  inches  long,  from  Jackson  City;  forty- 
eight,  1  to  3  inches  long,  from  Bryans  Point;  five,  of  equal  size,  2  inches 
long,  from  Somerset  Beach;  one  3.3  inches  long,  from  Gloucester  Point; 
five,  2  to  4  inches  long,  from  the  mouth  of  Hampton  Creek. 

10.  Brevoortia  tyrannus  (Latrobe). 

MENHADEN  ;    "  BUGFISH  "  ;    "  ALEWIFE." 

Six  specimens,  of  equal  size,  about  2.75  inches  long,  from  Somerset 


Evermann  and  Hildehrand — Fishes  from  Lower  Potomac.  159 

Beach;  three,  4  to  5.5  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island;  eight,  :5  to  6 
inches  long,  from  Blackwells  jMill  Creek;  seven,  from  Cockerel  Creek; 
fifty-nine,  2  to  3.5  inches  long,  from  Mobjack  Bay;  four,  6  to  9  inches 
long,  from  Old  Point  Comfort;  three,  2.75  to  4.25  inches  long,  from  the 
mouth  of  Hampton  Creek. 

11.  Stolephorus  mitchilli  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes). 

ANCHOVY. 
Thirty-seven  specimens,  1.5  to  2.5  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach; 
ten,  1.3  to  1.6  inches  long,  from  Riverside. 

12.  Synodus  foetens  (Linnfeus). 

LlZARD-FlSH. 

Four  specimens,  4.5  to  5.5  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island;  one, 
2.7  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 

13.  Esox  reticulatus  Le  Sueur. 

COMMON  ExVSTERN  PICKEREL. 

Two  specimens,  4  and  4.5  inches  long,  from  Mattapony  River. 
14.  Fundulus  majalis  (Walbaum). 

KILLIFISn  ;  MAYFISH. 

One  specimen,  4  inches  long,  from  Mathias  Point  ;  four,  of  equal  size, 
2  inches  long,  from  Riverside ;  five,  3  to  5  inches  long,  from  Blacki- 
stone  Island;  two,  3  and  5  inches  long,  from  Piney  Point;  thirty-eight, 
1.75  to  5.5  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island  ;  one,  4  inches  long,  from 
Cape  Charles  City  ;  five,  1.2  to  2. 25  inches  long,  from  the  mouth  of  Hamp- 
ton Creek. 

15.  Fundulus  heteroclitus  (Linnaeus). 

COMMON  KILLIFISH  ;  MUD  MINNOW. 

Ninety-three  specimens,  2  to  3  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach; 
twenty-six,  1  to  2  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island ;  one,  3  inches 
long,  from  Cape  Charles  City  ;  one,  1.4  inches  long,  from  the  mouth  of 
Hampton  Creek. 

IG.  Fundulus  diaphanus  (Le  Sueur). 
Eleven  specimens,  1.5  to  2.5  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach;  five, 
1.5  to  3  inches  long,  from  Blackistone  Island;  five,  2  to  3  inches  long, 
from  St.  Georges  Island. 

17.  Lucania  parva  (Baird  &  Girard). 

RAINWATER-FISH. 

Fifty-four  specimens,  .75  to  1.3  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island; 
three,  .75  to  1.25  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 

18.  Cyprinodon  variegatus  Lacepfede. 

SHEEPSIIEAD  MINNOW. 

Ninety-one  specimens,  .75  to  1.75  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island. 


160  Evermann  and  Hildehrand — Fishes  from  Lower  Poiomad. 

]'.).  Gambusia  affinis  (Bainl  c*t  Girard). 
TOP  MINNOW. 
Ninety-one  specimens,  .75  to  l.l'o  inches  long,  from  St.  (ieorges  Island. 
The  lot  is  composed  of  14  males  and  77  females. 

20.  Tylosurus  marinus  (\Vall)anm). 

GARFISH;  BILLFISII;    NEEDLE-FISII. 

One  specimen,  4.75  inches  long,  from  Bryans  Point. 

-!1.  Apeltes  quadracus  ( !\Iitchill). 

One  specimen,  l.l'  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island.  Trevionsly 
not  recorded  sonth  of  New  Jersey. 

22.  Siphostoma  floridae  Jordan  &  Gill)ert. 

Two  specimens,  5.25  and  5.5  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City  ;  three, 
3.25  to  6.5  inches  long,  from  month  of  Hampton  Creek.  Previonsly  not 
recorded  north  of  Beanfort,  N.  C.    . 

2o.  Siphostoma  fuscum  (Storer). 
COMMON  PIPEFISH. 

Two  specimens,  4.5  and  0  inches  long,  from  Riverside;  one,  5.75  inches 
long  from  mouth  of  Hampton  Creek. 

24.  Hippocampus  hudsonius  I)e  Kay. 

COMMON  AMFKK  AN  SEA-HORSK. 

Tvvo  young,  al)ont  7  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 
25.  Kirtlandia  iaciniata  (Swain). 

SILVER-FISH. 

One  specimen,  3.2  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 

2().  Menidia  gracilis  (Giinther). 
Four  specimens,  1.75  to  2.1  inches  long,  from  Hampton  Creek. 

27.  Menidia  gracilis  beryllina  (Cope). 
Six  specimens,  2  to  2.5  inches  long,  from  Ale.xandria;  eight,  of  about 
the  same  size,   2.25   indies  long,  from   Bryans   Point;    live,   1.5  to  1.75 
inches  long,  from  Blackistone  Island;  fifty,  1   to  1.25  inches  long,  from 
St.  Georges  Island. 

2S.  Menidia  notata  (^litchill). 

SIIAEKSIDE. 
One  specimen,  3  inches  long,  fi'oni  Piverside;  thirty-six,  2  to  4  inches 
long,  from  Blackistone  Island;  oiu(,  2.75  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges 
Island;  twenty-one,  2  to  3.75  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City;  four, 
3  to  3.75  inches  long,  from  mouth  of  Hampton  Oeek. 

21».  Querimana  gyrans  Jordan  &  Gilbert. 
WHIULKiKi  MULLET. 

Three  sj)ecimens,  each  about  one  inch  long,  from  Hampton  Creek. 
30.  Sphyraena  borealis  De  Kay. 

NORTHERN    I'.AKKACFDA. 

Two  specimens,  1  to  3  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 


JEvermann  and  Hildehrand — Fishes  from  Lower  Potomac.  161 
31.  Trachinotus  falcatus  (Linn?eus). 

ROUND  POMPANO;  PALOMETA. 

One  specimen,  2.5  inches  long,  from  near  Ocean  View. 
32.  Enneacanthus  gloriosus  (Hoi brook). 

Seven  specimens,  each  about  1  .U  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach.  One 
specimen  abnormal,  D.  X,  10;  A.  IV,  9. 

33.  Lepomis  auritus  (Linnpens). 

YELLOWl'.ELLY;  REDBREAST  BREAM. 

One  specimen,  2.25  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach. 

34.  Eupomotis  gibbosus  (Linupeus). 
PUMPKIN-SEED. 

Fourteen  specimens,  1  to  3  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach. 
35.  Micropterus  salmoides  (Lacepede). 

LAR(iE-MOUTHED  BLACK  BASS. 

One  specimen,  2.5  inches  long,  from  Mattapony  River.     Introduced 
species. 

3().  Boleosoma  nigrum  olmstedi  (Storer). 

TESSELATED  DARTER. 

Two  specimens,  1.25  and  1.5  inches  long,  from  IMattapony  River. 
37.  Roccus  lineatus  (Bloch). 

STRIPED  BASS;  ROCKFISH ;  ROCK. 
Eleven  specimens,  3.25  to  4.75  inches  long,  from  Hampton  Creek. 

38.  Morone  americana  (Gmelin). 

WHITE  PERCH. 

Twenty-two  specimens,  1.5  to  3.25  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach. 
39.  Mycteroperca  microlepis  (Goode  &  Bean). 

GA(i. 

One  specimen,  5.5  inches  long,  from  Old  Point  Comfort.     Previously 
not  recorded  north  of  Beaufort,  N.  C. 

40.  Centropristes  striatus  (Linnfeus). 

BLACK  SEA  BASS;  BLACKFISH. 

Three  specimens,  each  2  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City;  six, each 
2  inches  long,  from  Cape  Henry. 

41.  Neomaenis  griseus  (Linnpeus). 

GRAY  SNAPPER. 

Five  specimens,  2.25  to  3  inches  long,  from  Old  Point  Comfort;  one, 
2.6  inches  long,  from  Ocean  View. 

42.  Orthopristis  chrysopterus  (Linnaeus). 

PIGFISH;  SAILORS  CHOICE;  HOGFISH. 

Thirty-four  specimens,  1  to  3  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 
43.  Eucinostomus  gula  (Cuvier  &  Valenciennes). 

MOJARRA  DE  LEY. 

Sixty-nine  specimens,  .75  to  2  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 


162  Evermann  and  Hildehrand — Fishes  from  Lower  Potomac. 
44.  Cynoscion  nebulosus  (Cuvier&  Valenciennes). 

SPOTTED  WEAKFISH;  SPOTTED  SEA  TROUT. 
One  si)ecinien,  11.75  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island;  three,  2  to 
2.5  inches  long,  from  Old  Point  Comfort. 

45.  Bairdiella  chrysura  (Lacepede). 

^lADEMOlSELLE ;  YELLOW-TAIL. 

One  specimen,  3.25  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island ;  thirty-eight, 
.9  to  3  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 

46.  Sciaenops  ocellatus  (Linn,ieus). 

RED  DRL'M;  CHANNEL  BASS;  REDFISH. 

Eight  very  small  specimens,  each  ahout  .7  inches  long,  from  Gloucester 
Point. 

47.   Leiostomus  zanthurus  LacepMe. 

SPOT;  GOODY. 

Six  specimens,  2.5  to  3.25  inches  long,  from  Somerset  Beach;  twenty- 
two,  each  about  2  inches  long,  from  Cockerel  Creek;  eleven,  3.25  to  4.75 
inches  long,  from  Hampton  Creek;  six,  each  2  inches  long,  from  Cape 
Henry. 

4S.  Micropogon  undulatus  ( I^innieus). 
CROAKER. 

Eighteen  specimens,  1.5  to  2.5  inches  long,  from  Hampton  Creek  ;  two, 
1.25  and  2  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 

4!).  Menticirrhus  americanus  (Linufeus). 

SAND  WIIITINO;  CAROLINA  WHITING. 

Fourteen  specimens,  1  to  2.5  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island;  one, 
3.25  inches  long,  from  near  Ocean  View. 

50.  Tautoga  onitis  (Linnpeus). 

TAUTOG;  ULACKFISH;  OYSTER-FISH. 

Three  specimens,  2.1  to  3.25  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  ('ity  ;  one, 
2.75  inches  long,  from  Old  Point  Comfort. 

51.  Chaetodipterus  faber  (Broussonet). 
ANGEL-FISH;  SPADE-FISH. 

Two  specimens,  each  2  inches  long,  from  Hampton  lioads  ;  two,  2  and 
2.1  inches  long,  from  near  Ocean  N'iew. 

52.  Monocanthus  hispidus  (Linnaeus). 

FOOL-FISH;  FILE-FISII ;  LE.VTHER-FISII. 

Three  specimens,  1.1  to  1.75  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City  ;  four, 
1.75  to  2.75  inches  long,  from  near  Ocean  View. 

53.  Spheroides  maculatus  (Bloch  &  Schneider). 
One  small  si)eciinen,  I  incli  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island;  one,  3  inches 
long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 

54.  Chilomycterus  schoepfi  (  Walhaum). 

COMMON  15URRF1SH;  SWELL  TOAD. 

One  small  specimen,  1.25  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 


Evermann  and  Hildebrand — Fishes  from  Lower  Potomac.   163 
55.  Hemitripterus  americanus  (Gmelin). 

SEA-RAVEX. 

Two  specimens,  2.()  and  2.9  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City;  one, 
5  inches  long,  from  Old  Point  Comfort. 

56.  Microgobius  eulepis  Eigenmann  &  Eigenmann. 
Two  specimens,  each  1.25  inches  long,  from  month  of  Hampton  Creek. 
A  rare  species,  previunsly  recorded  only  from  Fortress  JMonroe  (the 
type  locality),  Beaufort  Harhor  and  from  Uncle  Israel  Shoal,  near  Beau- 
fort, N.  C. 

57.  Qobiosoma  bosci  (Lacepede). 

CLINGING  GOBY. 
One  specimen,  1.5  inches  long,  from  Blackistone  Island;  one,  1.5  inches 
long,  from  Cape  Charles  City;    one,  1.75  inches  long,  from  Gloucester 
Point;  one,  1.75  inches  long,  from  Plamjiton  Creek. 

58.  Astroscopus  guttatus  Abbott. 
One  specimen,  2.75  inches  long,  from  Gloucester  Point. 

5i).  Opsanus  tau  (Linnaeus). 

TOADFISH. 

Three  small  specimens,  1.25  to  1.5  inches  long,  from  Cape  Charles  City. 

(10.   Hypsoblennius  hentz  (Le  Sueur). 
One  specimen,  3.25  inches  long,  from  Old  Point  Comfort;  two,  each  2 
inches  long,  from  near  Ocean  \'iew.     Previously  not  recorded  north  of 
North  Carolina. 

01.  Chasmodes  bosquianus  (Lacepede). 
One  specimen,  2  inches  long,  from  Blackistone  Island. 
62.  Prionotus  carolinus  (Linnseus). 

C0M:M()N  GURNARD;  SEA-ROBIN. 

One  spechnen,  ?>  inches  long,  from  Old  Point  Comfort;  six,  2.5  to  8 
inches  long,  from  Hampton  Roads;  six,  1.5  to  3.5  inches  long,  from  near 
Ocean  View;  six,  1.25  to  2.25  inclies  long,  off  Cape  Henry. 

63.  Qobiesox  strumosus  Cope. 
One  specimen,  1.25  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island;  one,  2  inches 
long,  from  Gloucester  Point. 
Head  2.5;  D.  10;  A.  8. 
Not  previously  recorded  north  of  South  Carolina. 

()4.  Urophycis  chuss  (Walbaum). 

Four  specimens,  4.25  to  ().5  inches  long,  off'  Cape  Henry. 

65.  Paralichthys  dentatus  (Linnaeus). 

SUMMER  FLOUNDER. 

One  specimen,  o.o  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island;  two,  1.75 
inches  long,  from  Hampton  Creek. 

()().  Achirus  fasciatus  Lacepede. 

AMERICAN  SOLE;  HOG-CHOKER. 

Three  specimens,  each  1.5  inches  long,  from  St.  Georges  Island. 


Vol.  XXlll,  pp.  165-168  December  29,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF    THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


THE  AMPHIBIAN  GENERIC  NAME  ENGYSTOMA 

UNTENABLE. 

BY  LEONHARD  STEJNEGER. 


The  genus  Engi/stoma,  as  now  generally  understood,  embraces 
a  number  of  American  species,  among  them  our  well  known 
southern  E.  carolinense.  The  term  is  untenable,  however,  for 
this  genus. 

When  Fitzinger  instituted  the  genus  in  1826  (Neue  Classif. 
Kept.,  p.  39)  he  expressly  stated  (p.  40)  that  it  was  based  on 
Linne's  Rana  gibbosa,  that  Merrem's  Breviceps,  of  1820,  was 
also  based  on  the  same  species,  but  that  he  preferred  his  own 
genus  which  he  alleges  was  "  gleichzeitig  aufgestellt."  There 
is  no  evidence  that  he  published  the  name  Engystoma  before 
1826,  however.  The  later  name  therefore  becomes  a  synonym 
of  Breviceps.  That  it  was  so  understood  by  all  herpetologists 
up  to  1811  is  plain  from  a  perusal  of  the  literature.  Cuvier 
(Regne  Anim.,  2  ed.,  II,  1829,  p.  112)  synonymizes  them.  So 
does  Wagler  (Syst.  Amph.,  1830,  p.  205)  who  substitutes 
Si/stoma  for  both  of  them.  So  does  Tschudi  (Classif.  Batr., 
1838,  p.  86)  who  accepts  Wagler's  term.  Finally,  Fitzinger 
himself,  in  1813  (Syst.  Rept.,  p.  33),  abandons  Engystoma  and 
accepts  Systoma.  Wagler,  as  early  as  1828,  separated  the  Eana 
■.vails  of  Schneider  monotypically  as  Microps  (preoccupied)  and 
Tschudi,  1838,  substituted  for  it  Stenocephalus  (which  was  also 
preoccupied). 

It  was  not  until  1811  that  the  confusion  began.  In  that  year 
Dumeril  and  Bibron  (Erpet.  Gen.,  vol.  8,  p.  740)  designated 
Rana  ovaiis  as  the  type  of  Engystoma  and  in  this  they  were 
followed  by  Guenther  and  later  authors,  including  Boulenger. 

r,S— Fitoc.  Hior,.  Sor.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXHI,  T.HO.  (ir,."i) 


166     Stejneger — The  Amphibian  Generic  Name  Engystoma. 

In  the  face  of  Fitzinger's  original  designation  this  perversion 
can  not  be  accepted  under  the  International  Rules  of  Zoological 
Nomenclature  and  it  becomes  necessary  to  select  a  name  for 
the  genus  which  now  erroneously  is  called  Engi/stoma.  The  two 
earliest  names,  as  stated  above,  are  preoccupied.  The  next 
available  term  is  Fitzinger's  Gastrophryne  based  on  Dumeril  and 
Bibron's  Engystoma  rugosiim,  which  has  been  considered  a 
synonym  of  our  E.  curolinense. 

The  synonymy  of  the  genus  will  tlien  stand  as  follows: 

Qastrophryne  Fitziiiger. 

1828.     Microps  Wagler,  Isis,  1828,  p.  744  (monotype,   Microps 

unicolor  =  Rana  avails  Schneider)  (not  of  Meg., 

1823). 
1838.     Ste nocephal us  Tschudi,  Classif.  Batr.,  p.  86  (same  type) 

(not  of  Latr.,  1825). 
1811.     Engystoma   Dumeril   and   Bibron,   Erpet.  Gen.,  vol.  8, 

p.    738    (same    type    by    designation)    (not    of 

Fitzinger,  1826). 
1843.      Gastrophryne    Fitzinger,    Syst.    Rept.,    p.    33   (type  by 

original    designation,    Engystoma   rugosum    Dum. 

Bibr.). 

Tbe  species  belonging  to  this  genus  will  stand  as  follows: 

1.  Gastrophryne  usta  (Cope)  Mexico. 

2.  Gastrophryne  carolinensis  (Holbrook)  S.  E. United  States. 

3.  Gastrophryne  texana  (Girard)  Texas. 

4.  Gastrophryne  areolata  (Strecker)  Texas. 

5.  Gastrophryne  elegans  (Boulengcr)  Mexico. 

6.  Gastrophryne  oralis  (Schneider)  Soutli  America. 

7.  Gastrophryne   microps    (Dumeril    and    Bil)ron)    Brazil, 

Guiana. 

8.  Gastrophryne  aeqiiatorialis  (Peracca)  Ecuador. 

9.  Gastrophryne  albopunctata  (Boettger)  Paraguay. 

10.  Gastrophryne    leucostirta    (Boulenger)    Sta.    Catharina, 

Brazil. 

11.  GastropJtri/ne  muelleri  (Boettger)  Paraguay. 

12.  Gastrophrjine  pirticentris  (Cope)  Nicaragua. 

13.  GastropJirifne  horneensis  (Boulenger)  Borneo. 


Stejneger — The  Amphibian  Generic  Name  Engi/stoma.     167 

As  shown  above  Engysioma  becomes  a  synonym  of  Breviceps, 
and  with  it  must  also  disappear  the  family  name  Engystomidse 
(and  Engystomatidse).  The  name  Brevicipitidse ,  created  by 
Cope,  in  1867,  for  a  smaller  group  becomes  available,  however, 
and  may  l)e  used.  The  more  familiar  Phryniscidse  is  unavail- 
able since  it  has  been  shown  that  the  genus  Phryniscus  belongs 
to  the  Bufonidie. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  169-170  December  29,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


A  NEW  COLUBRINE  SNAKE  FROM  JAVA. 
BY  THOMAS  BARBOUR. 


Among  a  large  number  of  Javanese  reptiles  collected  by- 
Mr.  Owen  Bryant  and  Mr.  W .  Palmer  in  West  Java  was  a 
single  undescribed  snake,  representing  one  of  the  most  distinct 
species  of  the  genus  Liopcltis  (=^  Ablabes  auct.).  Curiously 
enough  Mr.  Bryant  got  this  specimen  right  at  Buitenzorg,  the 
one  locality  of  all  others  in  Java  which  has  been  best  explored, 
and  whence  collections  have  been  sent  to  various  museums  for 
over  a  hundred  years.  There  is  perhaps  less  reason  for  surprise 
than  one  might  at  first  suppose;  for  nearly  every  year  some 
astonishing  novelty  turns  up  here  in  the  United  States,  which 
we  believe  to  l)e  even  more  thoroughly  worked  over  than  is  this 
region  of  Java. 

Liopeltis  libertatis  sp.  nov. 

Resemblinoj  in  many  respects  L.  major,  but  really  widely  different. 
This  new  species  has  two  loreals,  a  much  longer  tail,  and  other  differ- 
ences, as  a  comparison  of  specimens  or  descriptions  will  readily  show. 

Specific  Characters. — Rostral  as  broad  as  deep,  well  turned  back  above; 
internasals  about  two-thirds  the  size  of  the  praet'rontals,  which  latter 
are  barely  in  contact  with  the  supraocular;  frontal  very  slightly  longer 
than  its  distance  from  tip  of  snout,  longer  than  the  interparietal  suture; 
slightly  wider  in  front  than  l^ehind,  and  wider  than  a  supraocular;  pari- 
etals  about  equal  to  the  frontal  in  length;  nostril  large,  slightly  oval 
vertically,  in  the  centre  of  a  large  divided  nasal;  two  loreals,  the  anterior 
square,  the  posterior  slightly  lower  and  only  one-third  the  width  of  the 
other;  a  single  long  praeocular,  very  narrowly  separated  from  the  frontal; 
two  postoculars,  upper  twice  as  large  as  lower;  temporals  2+2,  large 
with  straight  edges;  eight  supralabials  on  each  side,  fourth  and  fifth 
entering  eye,  seventh  largest  being,  however,  but  little  larger  than  eighth, 
sixth  tending  to  a  trapezoid  form;  five  lower  labials  in  contact  with 
anterior  chin  shields,  whicli  are  slightly  shorter  than  the  posterior ;  fifteen 

39— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  W.vsh.,  Vol.  XXni,  I'.ilO  (lf>9) 


170  Barboai — A  New  Colubrine  Snake  from  Java. 

rows  of  smooth  scales;  173  ventrals,  not  angulate  laterally;  anal  divided; 
109  Hubcandals  (the  very  tip  of  tail  misj^ing).  Color:  In  spirits,  uniform 
slate  color  above,  lighter  below. 

Type:  Cat.  No.  42, 932,  United  States  National  Museum ;  Buitenzorg, 
Java ;  Owen  Bryant  collector,  July  4,  1909. 

This  snake  is  conspicuous  at  once  from  the  peculiar  shape  of  its  head. 
The  profile  is  arched  and  very  sharply  decurved  at  the  snout,  the  eye 
being  of  great  size,  almost  equal,  in  fact,  to  its  distance  from  the  suture 
of  the  nasal  shield. 

The  name  is  given  to  commemorate  the  discovery  of  this  species  on 
Independence  Day. 


Vol.  XXIll,  pp.  171-172  December  29,  1910 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


/■ 


DESCRIPTION    OF    A   NEW   GENUS    AND    SPECIES  O 

BIVALVE  FROM  THE  CORONADO  ISLANDS,         /^ 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA.  ^ 

BY  WILLIAM  H.  I) ALL.* 


During  a  collecting  trip  made  from  San  Diego  to  tiie  Coronado 
Islands  by  Dr.  Fred  Baker  and  Miss  J.  M.  Cooke  quite  a  number 
of  minute  sbells  were  obtained,  which  were  submitted  to  me  for 
examination.  Among  them  is  a  small  bivalve,  with  an  internal 
ligament,  which  can  not  be  referred  to  any  recorded  genus. 

Bernardina  gen.  iiov. 

Shell  small,  of  the  general  form  of  Rochefortia,  concentrically  scnlptnrcil 
externally,  with  a  conspicuous  prodissoconch,  which  is  elevated  in  the 
center  and  at  the  margins  and  between  these  points  somewhat  excavated ; 
pallial  line  entire;  hinge  with  the  posterior  dorsal  margin  of  the  right 
valve  fitting  into  a  shallow  groove  in  the  margin  of  the  opposite  valve; 
anteriorly  with  a  strong  left  lateral  fitting  between  two  prominent  flexu- 
ous  right  anterior  laterals;  two  right  and  three  left  cardinals  with  the 
resilium  posterior  to  them  all.  Hinge  formula,  exclusive  of  laterals, 
L.  rlOlOl 
R.  rOlOlO  ■ 

The  type  is  B.  bakeri  sp.  nov.  The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  the  late 
F.  Bernard,  of  Paris,  to  whom  we  owe  so  much  of  our  knowledge  of  tjie 
developmental  history  of  the  bivalve  hinge. 

Bernardina  bakeri  sp.  nov. 

Shell  small,  short-ovate,  white,  with  sculpture  of  fine  regular  concentric 
grooves  with  wider  interspaces ;  moderately  compressed ;  umbones  mod- 
erately elevated,  capped  by  the  prodi.ssoconchs  ;  internal  margins  smooth, 
the  posterior  adductor  scar  larger;  hinge  as  de.scribed  under  the  genus, 
with  no  external  ligament;  texture  of  the  shell  porcellanou.'^  and  rather 
solid.  Length,  2.8;  height,  l.ii;  diameter,  1.0  mm.;  the  vertical  of  the 
beaks  behind  the  middle  of  the  shell  about  one-ninth  the  total  length. 
*  By  permission  of  the  Director  of"  the  U.S.  Nat.  Museum. 

4C— Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash..  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (171 ) 


172  Dall — A  New  Bivalve  from  Louer  California. 

Near  the  South  Coronado  L-^land,  in  three  fathoms,  collected  by  Dr. 
Fred  Baker,  after  whom  it  is  named..  Types,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  220,0!)!». 
Cotypes  in  Baker  and  Cooke  collections. 

This  genus  differs  from  the  Leptonacea  by  haviufj  the  internal  resilium 
behind  the  cardinals  as  in  the  Astartacea,  to  which  group  it  probably 
belongs.  In  the  structure  of  the  hinge  its  nearest  neighbor  is  the  genus 
Cuna  Hedley,  Ijut  the  latter  is  sufficiently  different  in  detail  to  require  no 
special  comparison. 


Vol.  XXIII,  pp.  173-174  December  29,  l9IO 

PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

BIOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  WASHINGTON 


TWO  NEW  WOODPECKERS  FROM  THE  ISLE  OF  PINES, 

WEST  INDIES. 

OUTRAM  BxlNGS. 


When  in  1905  (American  Naturalist,  Vol.  XXXIX,  No. 
460,  pp.  179-215)  Mr.  W.  R.  Zappey  and  I  published  an 
account  of  the  birds  of  the  Isle  of  Pines,  based  mostly  upon  a 
collection  made  there  the  previous  year  by  him,  we  were  aware 
that  the  red-bellied  woodpecker  of  the  island  was  not  quite  the 
same  as  that  of  Cuba;  but  on  account  of  lack  of  material  for 
comparison,  we  did  not  note  any  differences  in  the  green  wood- 
pecker. 

Since  then  the  bringing  togetber  of  large  series  of  skins  has 
shown  that  both  the  woodpeckers  of  the  island  are  well  differ- 
entiated subspecies;  and  Mr.  Ridgway  has  urged  me  to  describe 
them  in  time  to  appear  in  tbe  forthcoming  part  of  his  great 
work,  generously  refusing  to  do  so  himself. 

They  may  be  known  l)y  tbe  following  sbort  diagnoses: 

Centurus  superciliaris  murceus  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  San  Juan,  Is^le  of  Piue.s  (near  Cuba),  adult  cJ*,  No.  13,2()0. 
Bangs  coll.  Now  in  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Collected  I\lay 
2,  1H04,  by  \V.  R.  Zappey. 

Characters. — Similar  to  C.  aiiiicrcillarli^  sitperriliarlti  (Temm. )  of  Cuba, 
Imt  decidedly  smaller;  mider  parts  much  paler  and  decidedly  less 
yellowish. 

Measttre77wnts.—Type,  adult  d".  ^Ving,  138;  tail,  94.5;  tarsus,  :;;>; 
culmen,  ;U>.  Adult  $  ,  No.  13,2();5.  Wing,  V.VJJi;  tail,  l»i);  tarsus,  24; 
culmen,  35. 

Xiphidiopicus  percussus  insulse=pinorum  subsp.  nov. 

Tupe  from  Santa  Fe,  Isle  of  Pines  (near  Cuba),  adult  c?.  No.  13,480, 
Bangs  coll.  Now  in  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Collected  April 
18,  1904,  by  W.  R.  Zappey. 

41— Proc.  Bioi,.  Soc.  Wash.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910.  (173) 


174       Bangs — Two  New  Woodpeckers  from  the  Me  of  Fines. 

Charncters. — Similar  to  X.  percussus  percussits  (Temni.)  of  Cn])a,  but 
sixiftiler;  coloration  paler,  especialjj^  l)elow;  under  parts  more  narrowly 
and  less  distinctly  streaked,  the  streaks  less  blackish,  more  grayish;  red 
Oi  foreneck  more  restricted;  auricular  stripe  lighter  gray  and  rather 
narrower. 

Measurements. — Type,  adult  ij*.  Wing,  105;  tail,  78.5;  tarsus,  22;  cul- 
men,  2:1.5.  Adult  9,  No.  13,479.  Wing,  10(i;  tail,  84.5;  tarsus.  20.5; 
culmen,  21. 


INDEX 


New  names  aiv  priiUril  in  heavy  type. 


A  bra  mis  crysoleucas    .   • 

Ariiiitlioiuys     

Acapoeta        

Acara  (•(T-nilt'opunctata  . 
Act'Uiiter  I'riiigilloidt'S      . 

stria tiis        

Afliinis  lasciatus    .... 
Acipoiiscr  traiismoiitamis 

Acris  (rr.vlliis 

Acroiiiys     

Acniliicciius  apicalis   .   . 
Asonostdinus  monticola 

Alccto  |iur|iurea 

Allan!.   11.   A.      The    strii 
some  l<aty<li<ls  •   • 

Allen,  (ilover   M.     The   ^Vest 
forest    pis    i  Hi)lochoern!< 

'I'liomas* 

.Mlijjator  iin'ssissi|>pii;nsis   .    • 

.\losa  saiii<lissima 

Aml)lopliles  riipi'stris      .    .   . 
Aml)lyeoryplia  oblongi folia 

rotnnilifolia 

nhleri  

.\mlilystonia  talpoiileiim    .   . 
Ameiuriis  catiis 

natalis     

nebulosiis 

Amia  ealva 


sc, 
.">s 

nil 


ulatlons  of 
.  .  viii.  :'i- 
African 
fiiiintiir 
....  I' 
.  .  IS, 
(11,  l:;i. 


If,:; 

l:;:; 
11 
•"I'.i 

ti" 
'.I.") 

■)-10 


l-.'lli 
ll'.l 

i:>s 

S7 


si; 


Amizilis  bang:si   .   .   . 
.\mi>liiuma  triuaetyla  . 

means 

.Vneistroilon  eontortrix 

liiseivorus 


.■>! 
10 
II) 

l.'> 


.VniMiiatiehthys  apoRon 117 

Anguilla  rostrata        l'">s 

Anisotrejnns  virgiHicus .    '.I'i 

Anodonta   grandis S.") 

Anolis  brunnous itO 

farolinensis '.''.• 

P(n-eatus '.•'.• 

principalis      I'J 

.Viithraeorax  gracillrostris •"« 

hen<lersoni •>.5 

prevosti '''•> 

Antrostomns  carolineusis 21 

Apeltes  qnadracus     bUi 

Arbaciosa  rliessodon I'!'.' 

Arehoplites  interriiptiis b!" 

.\romoelielys  carinatns bs 

tristyeha is 

Annidinaria  teeta 'J5 

Arvicola  amphibius I'.i 

exitus 21 

illyricu.s 21 

italieus 20 

monticola 22 

musignani 21 

reta 19 

sapidiis 20 

scherman 21 


Arvicola  tenebricus 20 

terrestris 20 

Aspidonectes  omoryi     121 

ferox 121 

.\sterias  pectinata It5 

Astroscoinis  gnttatus Ifti 

Astnr  fringilloidi^s     "S 

fnsciis 7S 

.\styana.x  aeneiis 4 

rtscheri 4 

mexieanns      4 

Athi'rinops  aftini.s ...  18(i 

regi.s      .       b^fi 

Atherinopsis  ealiforniensis 136 

B 

liailey.  A'.  Kxbiliition  of  skull  and 
l)eak  of  the  aidunga vii 

Exliibitionof  the  feet  of  grou.so    ix 

.\  new  .iaguar  record  for  Texas     x 

Two  new  pocket  goiihers  of  the 

genus  TlidiHdKijis 7'.)-S0 

llairdiella  clirysvn-a   .    .    .    ■                  ■    •  162 
baker,  .\.  H.     From  Nairobi  to  Wash- 
ington with  a  collection  of  living 
animals vii 

A  visit  to  some  foreign  zoologi- 

ical  gardens viii 

ball,  E.  1).  New  genera  and  spi'cies  of 
Issidw  (Fiilgoridie) 41-46 

bangs.  O.  Unrecorded  .specimens  of 
two  rare  Hawaiian  birds  ....    67-70 

Ne\v  or  rare  I  )irds  from  western 

( 'oloml)ia 71-76 

A  new  hmnming  bird  from  the 

Sierra  Nevaila    dt^    .'<anta    Marta, 

(  olombia ••....    10.V106 

A    new    tinamou    from    Lake 

Titicaca 107-108 

Two  new   \voo<l  peckers    from 

the  Isle  of  F'ines,  West  Indies   .  17;!-174 

Harbodes  mahecola 147 

Barbour.  T.  A  new  genus  of  Amphibia 
.Salientia  from  Dutch  New  Guinea 

.....  89-90 

A  note    regarding    the    green 


Anolis  from  the  northern  Bahamas 
—    Eleutlierodactylus    ricordii    in 


99 
100 


Ba 


Florida 
—    A  new  colubrine  snake  from 

.lava      169-170 

[•bus  aflinis 14o 

altianalis 146 

altus 145 

apogon 146 

armatus 145 

aspilius ;   •   •  •     ^^"^ 

barbns 145 

batesii 146 

bocagii 145 

bottegoi 146 

bowkeri 146 


42— PROC.  Biol.  Soc.  W.\sh.,  Vol.  XXIII,  1910. 


A 175) 


17(1 


The  Biolugical  Society  of  Washington. 


Barbus  tjramoiiles      14/> 

l)i-evil)arbus 14(i 

hiirchelli 117 

bunimnicus 1 17 

byniii 11") 

calleiisis ll.'i 

caniiitai-anthus 1 17 

capeiisis 1  17 

cariiaticus 1  Hi 

caiK-asicus ll'"> 

cliagiiiiio 1  lii 

I'hilinnides 1  111 

chilotes 1  111 

chola 117 

fhrysopoma 147 

folliiigwoodi 1  Iti 

compressus 146 

(lorsalis 147 

(louronensis 14(1 

•luchesiii 14H 

enoplosus 145 

erlangeri 14H 

esocimis      14(i 

filamentosus 147 

fritschii 146 

gonionotus .   •  145 

gorguari      146 

grahami 145 

gregorii 146 

gudaricus 146 

guirali 147 

gurneyi 147 

hampal 147 

harterti    •   .  145 

hexastifhus 146 

himalayensis 14() 

holulji 146 

hursiMisis 116 

incnnis       14() 

iiiteiinediiis 146 

.iarsimis 146 

.iavaiiiciLS 115 

.icrdoni 146 

kolus 145 

kotschyi 145 

ksibi 145 

lalX'o 146 

la  eurtoides 145 

lateristriga 147 

leptosoma 146 

lithopidos 146 

lobogeuys 146 

longifeps 146 

lydiamis 145 

inacmillani 145 

macroiiema 146 

inaculatus 147 

iiialiecola ...  147 

nialabaricus 146 

margarita 146 

iiianiuisensis 146 

micropogon 146 

mo.sal 145 

nataloiijiis 147 

uedgia 146 

muninii'er 147 

oatcsii 146 

obtusirostris 145 

oreas 145 

palawanensls 147 

paradoxus 145 

l)oriiK'e 147 

piniiauratiis 147 

lilagiostomus 146 

platystoimis 146 

plourota'iiia 1 17 

radcUm 146 

repas.son 146 

rhoadesi 147 


Barbus  rotli.<chiIili 146 

ru('|)]»'lli     146 

riispiilli       146 

sclianicu,-; 147 

sehlegolii 1 17 

sclatori 115 

setiviineiisis 145 

surkis 145 

ta'iiiiu'us     147 

tlioniassi 146 

tor 145 

trispilus 147 

tropidulepis 145 

waldoi 145 

walkeri 147 

wynadt'iisis 145 

yiinnanensis     146 

Barilius  andersoni     143 

barila       143 

bendelisis 143 

canaren.si.s 143 

coesa 143 

gateusis  .   .       143 

goha ■ 143 

guttatus 143 

kingsleypp 143 

loati  143 

microoephalus 143 

mifrolc'iiis 143 

moorii 143 

uoavii 143 

nildticus 1 13 

ornatus 143 

polylo|)is 143 

sardella 113 

tileo 1 13 

ubangensis 1 13 

vagra 1  i:! 

Bartsch,    I'.     Tlir    liirds    of    Midway 

Islaiiil  .   .  viii 

Baseanioii  coiisti'ictor 13 

tlagolluiii 13 

Bemlelisis  liarila Ill 

Bernardina 171 

bakeri      171 

Bidcus  ln'ckii >^3 

foiinata •'^^i 

Blariua  caroliueiisis 32 

Boleosoma  olmstedi •   •  161 

Botaurus  pinnatiis 71 

Brevic'cps       165 

Bri'viciintiila' 167 

Brevoortia  tyraniui-; 15S 

Brimley,  ( '.  S.  Itccords  of  sonic  rcptilos 
and  batrachians  from  the  south- 
eastern U.  s '.i-ls 

Brycon  striatuUis 1 

Bufo  leutiginosus 11 

quercicus .   .    11 

c 

Campostoma  anoiiialmn     S6 

Canis  latraus       32 

('ai)oeta  dillonii 148 

fundulus     14ci 

gracilis MH 

steiudachucri 14ii 

tanganiciv 14is 

trutta 1411 

("astalia  odorala H3 

Oatharista  uruliu 24 

Catostoiiius  coiiiinersonii 86 

inacroclicilus 133 

Ccltis  iiiississip|>i(^iisis      25 

Ccmophora  ciicciiica 11 

Ccutropristes  striatus 161 

Ccnturus  murceus 173 

Ceratophylluiii  deniersum 83 


Index. 


177 


Chsenobry  ttus  gulosus 87 

(^htetoflipteriis  faber It'i2 

('htetura  richmondi .").■; 

chasmodes  bosquiamis  It;:! 

I'heilobarl.ms  eapfiisis 147 

Chela  argentea U'J 

anomalunis IJJ 

bacaila MJ 

plupeoides Mii 

macrochir 1-12 

sardinella      142 

typus 142 

C'hekethiops  bibie 141 

( 'helopus  guttatiis 17 

<  'lielydra  serpentina     is 

(  hilomycterus  seha-pfi 1()2 

Chiropentnis  dorab       IKi 

Chorophilus  occidentalis 11 

oriiatus    .  11 

Chryseinys  Horidaims b; 

mobilensis Id 

scriptii li; 

troosti      17 

Ciiiostermiiii  baiiri 17 

loiiisianie 17 

pennsylvanicum is 

steindaehneri is 

Ciridops  anna      (IS 

Cirrhinajullieni 14.'i 

('itelhis  tiideceiiilineatiis 2(1 

('itliaridiiiin  ansm'gii >.il 

t'lark,  A.  H.     A  new  criiKiid  fniiii  the 
Solomon  Islands 7-s 

On  the  type  specimen  of  the 

crinoid  described  by  Miiller  as 
Alecto  purpurea iifHlS 

riark.   H.   W.    On    ))irds    feeding  on 
oak  sap .  viii 

On    the    flowers    of  the    hog 

peannt     ix 

and  Evermann,  B.  W.    Fletcher 

Lake,  Indiana,  and  its  flora  and 
fauna sl-ss 

Clupea  harengiis (12 

pallasii  134 

Cockerell.  T.  T>.  A.    The  scales  of  the 
Atherinid  tishes 47-lS 

The    scales     of    the    Clupeid 

flshes  .   .       .   •   ■   • ci-ci 

On  the  scales  of  some  Mala- 

copterygian  flshes       111-111 

The  scales  of  the  African  Cy- 

prinid  flshes,  with  a  discussion  of 
related  Asiatic  and  European 
species  "   • 141-1.72 

and  Miiore,  Evelyn  V.    On  the 

nature    of    the    teetii    in  Ctenoid 

scales ....    'ji-94 

Ccereba  hellmayri 100 

luteolu 100 

trinitatis 100 

Colobometra  diadema 7 

Coluber  conflnis 13 

enioryi     120 

guttatus      . 14 

cjuadrivittatns 13 

Comatula  pectinata 9.') 

Cooke,  \V.  W.     Periodic  movements  of 
birds  in  relation  to  the  weatlier  .   .     x 

• Inculcation  period  of  box-turtle 

eggs       124 

Coregomis  williamsoni 134 

CoriKissericea S3 

<'ottus  asper 13s 

gulosus 13S 

Crotalus  arlamanteus It; 

Cyanerpes  trinitjitis 100 

Cyelophisaestivus 13 

Cymatogaster  aggregatus .  137 


Cynf)scion  nebulosiis 102 

Cyperus  diandrus 82 

inflexus ....    82 

strigosus 82 

Cyprinodon  variegatus 159 

Cyi)seloides  costaricensis 5;! 

jamaicensis       53 

Cyrtoiihyllus  perspicillatns 39 


D 


Dall,  W.  H.  Description  of  a  new 
genus  and  species  of  bivalve  from 
the  Coronado  Islands,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia         171-172 

Damalichthys  argyrosomns 137 

Decodon  vertieellata 83 

Deirochelys  reticulata     1(1 

Desniognathus  aiu'iciilata lo 

fusca 10 

I)iadophis  punctatis 13 

IMctyobia  combinata 43 

Dictyssa  fenestrata 44 

obliqua 45 

ovata 44 

Diemyctylus  viridesceus 10 

Discognathus  blanfordi 149 

denibeensis 150 

johnstoni 150 

(luadrimaculatiis 150 

Distichodus 91 

Dornn'tator  maculatus G 

l)rymomys     59 

Dryomys 59 

E 

Eclipta  alba 82 

Elaps  fulvius 15 

Eleocharis  paluslris 83 

Eleotris  pisonis 6 

Eleutherodactylus  ricordii 100 

Engraulis  niordax 134 

Engystoma  areolata 117 

carolinense 12, 165 

rugosnm     166 

Enneacanthns  gloriosus     161 

Entosphenus  tridentatus 132 

Epimys        58 

norwegicus 124 

rattus 58 

Erycimba  buccata 86 

Esox  reticulatus 159 

Etheostoma  hildebrandti 87 

Eucluetoinys     58 

Eucinostomns  gula 161 

Eumeces  fasciatus 12 

paehyurus 118 

Euphernsa  eximia 54 

nelsoni* 54 

Eup<imotis  gibbosns 161 

heros 87 

P'utaenia  sackeni 15 

sirtalis  ...  15 

Euthamia  graminifolia 83 

Evermann.  B.  W.  International  fish- 
eries regulations viii 

On  the  arrival  in  Washington  of 

two  young  fur  seals  .       .  .   -     viii 

On  the  change  in  management 

of  the  Eur  .<eal  Islands ix 

■ ■ —  Further  noteson  young  furseals     x 

—  and  Clark,  H.  \V.    Fletcher  Lake, 

Indiana,  and  its  flora  and  fauna  Sl-SS 

and  CiOldsborough,  E.  L.  Fur- 
ther notes  on  flshes  from  the  Canal 
Zone 3-6 


178  The  Biological  Society  of  Washingtov . 

Everniann,  B.   W.   ami     Ilildebraml,  lleiniharlnis  liailms UT 

S.  F.     On    a    colli'clion    of    lishes  schlcgdii 1-17 

from  tlio  lower  rotonuif.  tln'   on-  Hfinicai'ijliu  iiiicranllia s:! 

irance    of    ( 'liesapmike    Hay,  ami  llrmiiriutiTus  aiiiericamis li;:', 

from   stroams   How  iiig   into   tlii'Si-  lli'iiicorhina  eucharis 7-1 

waters I.'i7-li'il        Hi'ti'roiloii  iilatyi'liiniis 1:! 

and  LatiiiiiT.  II.  li.   On  a  colli'i-  siimi.-; i:; 

tioii   of   li.'ilics    from    till'   Olympic  Hclorosticliiis  i-o.<lralu.-i l.;;i 

Peniii.-^iila,  logcilicr  with  iiolos  on  lU-tiMotis  nilotifus Ill 

other  West  (.'oast  sin'cles      .   .    .  i:;i-14U  Hildi'brainl.     S.    V.   and     Kvcrmann, 

H.  W.     On   a   {■ollection   of   lishes 


F 


from  the  lower  Potomac,  the  en- 
trance of   Chesapeake    Kay,  and 

„ „„  from  streams  flowing  into  these 

Falco  viellotiiuis </  waters 157-1(;4 

larancia  abaciira 1..       Hippocampus  hudsoniiis ICO 

I'clis  harharicns 12:.       Hitchcock,  A.  .s.    A  collecting  trip  lo 

''•t'l'"'!'^     ]'^?,  Alaska viii 

capensis 11... Forage  plant  investigations  in 

mi'lanochaitiis 12:'.  Mexico x 

persiciis VJ:;        Hollister,  N.     Descriptions  of  two  new 

mnskrats l-ii 


'negalensis V. 


I-iher  cmnamominus       r2:>       Notes  on  som.- names  of  lions  .  1 

mers^ens      1 A  new  niuskral  from  thi' (in-al 

zaiophus 1  Plains IJ.VIJC, 

z'I'eihicus  .   .       'Jii  Howard,   L.  O.      Alaskan   and   other 

Florisuga  loliagensis a.)  far-northern  mosciuitoes   .          .      viii 

FundnUisihaphanns l.)'.t       ^o,,,,.     foreign    entomologists 

'li^i'''!"  • ^^'  anil  their  work x 

heteroclitus .^>".i  Howell,  A.  H.     Notes  on  mammals  of 

"laj'i'i'' '•!'I  tlie  middle  Mississippi  Valli',\,wilh 

notatus M'  description  of  a  new  woodrut        'S-'-.'A 

-^  Hvliopsis  kentuckiensis l.">s 

U  Hyla  chrysoscelis 117 

cinerea 11 

(iamliusia  allinis Itld  femoralis        IJ 

episcopi 1  gratiosa 11 

nicaraguensis I  sqnii-ella      IJ 

(Jasterosteus  micmcephahis ];!i)  xfrsicolor IJ 

tiastropln-yne  ae(inatorialis lin;       H.\  loclioerns  itin-iensis .M 

alhopinii'tata lUi;  iiieineit/.hageni t'.i 

areolata liiC.  rimator A\t 

lioi-neensis     ICii'i        Hypomesns  pnniosiis l:;ti 

carolinensis Kid        Hyp.solilennins  lient/ If.:! 

elegans ICiC.        Hypsopsella  gnttnlata l;!li 

knicosticta     IC.i;        Hypsypops  ruhicundns 1:17 

nncrops IC.ii       Hysteropternm  ununi -I:! 

muelleri l)i(i 

oval  is Ii'.fi  I 

pictiventris 10(1 

te.xana      ICd        llypnns  gilherli l;l.S 


J 


usta       l(;c. 

Oentiana  saponaria      s:; 

(leiivonenius  linealns 1:!7  ,          ....                                                            ,    , 

(;,.omvs  hur.sarius ;il       •''^■'■"  hli''<V'"-^ '"■ 

(J.^opliagiiscrassilahris h  longicornis In'.i 

(iil)lionsia  elegans               ^^■'^^  |^ 

Oi<lley.  .1,   \V.      On    a    I'rsioralion   of 

/'"•-■''"^""■"•^' '■'■'"'■'''•-• V'ii  Ki'i'shaw,   ,I.C.  and   Miiir.  1'.     .\  new 

(dancidnnii  calilornicum |(i:;  i,,,.,!    i,.,,,,,    ji,,.    j^i;,,,,)   ,,i     (Vriim, 

Knoma ...    .10:!  M„lnccas        (;.vr.(l 

pinicola in::        Kiidandia  laciniala 17,1(10 

<;iediisia  aqnatica •-'•>        Kn.'ria  cameroneiisis 11:! 

(inathopogon  gracilis Ill)       Knightia  eoc;ena (i:! 

(lobiesox  strumosns 1(1:! 

(iobisoma  bosci 1(1:!  L 

Goldsbomngh,   K.  L.  and  Kvei-mann, 

15.    W.      Fni'ther    notes   on    fishes  Labeo  allivelis     I.'il 

from  the  (  anal  Zone '.\-Ct  annectens l.'iO 

(iraplemys  pnh'hra Kl  bata liVJ 

(ireene,  E.  L.    Two  aspects  of  the  spe-  barbatns l.'iO 

cies  Qiie.stion ix  bicolor     I.'il 

brachvpoma l.'il 

H  calbasii l.}0 

capensis h'll 

llaldeastriatiila I.'')  clialybealiis l.'iO 

llay.O.  I'.      On    a    mammolh's    tooth  clir.\  sophekadion I.'il 

from  Alaska x  conbi.' l.'d 

Helinaia  swainsoni 24  cursa     luO 


hide?'. 


179 


Liilioo  oylindricus 150 

darliiigi !•}! 

diplostomii.s I'^l 

rlussuniieri      loO 

dvoehilus 1-')U 

faleatus KiU 

limbriatus l.'iO 

forskalii 150 

goiiionotus 150 

goiiius 150 

greenii      •   •  150 

liorie 151 

jullieni 151 

kawriis     .   .   .   '   • 150 

kontius 150 

Icscheiiaultii     150 

liiieatiis 151 

macrostonia 150 

meiiops 150 

luicrophthaliniis 150 

nigripinnis 150 

iiilolicus 150 

pangiisia ,  .   .  150 

rienorhyiifluis     151 

rohita 151 

rosfe 151 

ruddi 151 

seuegalen^is 151 

sindensis 151 

sladoni     150 

iiiabratus 151 

velil'er 150 

victoiiamis 150 

walkoi'i 151 

Lalicobarljiisnedgia 117 

Laiitz,  1).  E.     The  inuskrat  iiuliislry  in 

Maryland vii 

Lai'icsnayea  liriope 105 

Lasiiirus  borealis ;'.:! 

Latimer,  H.  B.  and  Kverniaiiii,  )'..  \\ . 
On  a  folleftioii  of  fishes  from  ihe 
Olymiiic  Peninsula,  together  witli 
notes    on    otlier    West  Coast    spo- 

eies l:!l-140 

Leggada 57 

Leiostonuis  /.anthiirus ICi'J 

Leponiis  auritus h'll 

pallidus ><7 

Leptoeottus  arniatus l:is 

Leptocypris  niodestus Ml 

Leueiseiis  bieolor i:!.! 

Liodytes  alleni        15 

Lioli'pismii  laterale Vl 

Liopeltis  libertatis li'i'.i 

J>iparis  pulehellus l:'.s 

Litliodytes  rieordii 11 

hucania  parva 15<i 

Lucius  veriiiieulatus  ....  ...    Si; 

Ludlow,  ('.  L.    On  strawberries   willi 

attached  petals ix 

Lydekker.  R.  The  use  of  Kjiimijt'  in  a 
generic  sense iL'l 

M 

Malaeleiniiiys  niacrospilota hi 

Marniota  inoiuix 25 

Marsh.  C.  D.    On  interesting  oopepods 

from  northern  Lake  IMichigiin    .   .  viii 
Mc.Vtee,  W.  L.     On  the  occurrence  and 
hal)its  of  waterfowl  in  the  south- 
eastern r.  .'^ ix 

JlelaiiiMiies  albeolus VC 

perileucus     151 

Meletta  sar<linites d:'. 

Meniilia  berylina 1(10 

gracilis ICiO 

nienidia is 

notata      48, 100 


^Menidia  peninsula? 48 

Mentha  piperita 8:5 

Mi'uticirrhus  aniericanus IC'2 

Merluccius  productus 139 

Merriani,  ('.  H.    I'l-.-iiis  slicldonl,  a  new 
bear     from      .Montague      Island, 

Alaska VJ7-180 

Metcalf,   Haven.    The   present  status 
of  the  cliestunt  tree  disease  in  the 

Ihiited  .States .       .    .  vii 

Microcentruni  retinerve 38 

rhonibifolium 38 

Mierogadus  proximus  ........  139 

Microgobius  eulepis ltJ3 

Microperca  punctulata 8S 

Micropogon  undidatus 102 

Micropterus  salmoides 87,  101 

Microsorex  hoyi lO'i 

winnemana 101 

Microtus  ochrogaster 29 

pennsyl\ani<'ns 29 

Miller,  (i.  S.,  ,lr.     Brief  synopsis  of  the 

waterrats  of  Europe 19-22 

The  generic  name  of  tlie  honse- 

rats .57-CO 

Mionectes  hederaceus 73 

polioccphalus 74 

Monocanthus  hispida 102 

Morone  aniericana 101 

Moxostonia  aureolum so 

Muir,  F.  and  Kershaw,  .1.  ('.     .\  new 
Ijird   from   the    Island   of    Ceram, 

Moluccas 0.5-00 

Mns  imisculus       59 

norvegicus 124 

rattus 124 

Mycicroperca  microleiiis 101 

M,\riophyllum  \erticillatum     ....        S3 
Myrmeciza  berlepschi 73 

N 

Xannoniys      59 

Nasi)  melichari 42 

Natrix  conipressicanda 14 

fasciata 14 

Xeetroplus  neniatoims 5 

Nelson,  E.   W.     -\    ur\\     subspecies   of 

I)igmy  owl      103-104 

Neoiiola  argentea 143 

bottcgoi 141 

Neimuenis  griseus 92,101 

Ncotoma  illinoensis 2S 

pennsylvanica      ....  ...    27 

Nesophlox         .55 

bryanta'      .55 

evelynse .55 

lyrura      55 

Nissus  fringilloides 7S 

fuscus 7S 

Nothura  agassizii 107 

Notopterus  afer 112 

Nolropis  amarns     1.58 

amii'nus 158 

hudsonius 1.5S 

whipplii  .  80 

Nycticeius  humeralis 33 

Nymphica  ad  vena 83 

Nyssa  aquatica 25 

o 

()<lontopliorus  baliolus 71 

On<'orhynchus  kisnlcli 135 

nerka  135 

tschaw  ylscba        134 

( Ipliibolus  cocciiieus 14 

getulus 14 

sayi 14 

ophidion  I'longalus 137 


180 


Hie  Biolngiral  ^ocieti/  of  Wnshingtnn. 


Oliliisauni*  veiitnilis VI 

(Ipsa mis  tail l(i:; 

( ipsariiliuiii  zaiuboseiisis 1-14 

DrtliDprislis  (•lir>  sopterus lill 

(»ryz(jiii.vs  pulustris •Jd 

Usbornia U 

cornuta 12 

O^iiii'iiis  tliali'icluliys !;!•') 


I'acli.vstoiniis  bendelensis 144 

vagra 144 

I'alnier,  T.  S.  On  the  plans  to  continue 
()l)sorvatioiis  on  the  homing  in- 
stinct of  birds viii 

On  tlie  Glacier  National  Park  .    ix 

I'antodon  buchholzi 112 

l'aralal)rax  clathratus 137 

I'aralaubuca  lateralis 142 

typus 142 

I'araiichthys  di'iitatus     lt>;! 

I'arophrys  Nctulus     i:;;i 

reloirophus  niicrocephalus 144 

iiiicrolepis 144 

I'erca  Havcscens     .S7 

I'eroniyscus  bairdi 2i; 

gossypiniis     24 

in('gai-e])lialus 20 

I'cuca'a  baclniiani 24 

l'lifiigii|iedius  saUiii'iisis 74 

spadix 74 

I'hilutria  canadensis ,s;:J 

I'iucaicothraupis  cristala ir-, 

I'hii'thoniis  saturatus 'A 

niexicahLis     54 

versecrucis 54 

Pholis  Dinatus        l;{9 

I'hraclokenuis  ausorgii 112 

]^lii'yniscid;e 1G7 

I'ialnii-iua  pananiensis o 

I'icuiinius  canus       ...    72 

l'iinel(><lus  chagresi o 

I'iinephales  notatus S6 

I'ipisti'ellus  snbflaviis ?^?, 

I'ilta  piroensis t;5 

I'ityophis  nielanoleiu'us 14 

I'lanorbis  canipannlata S5 

I'latiflithys  stellatus i;i9 

I'lelliodon  ghitinosus 10 

I'o'cilia  splienoiis 5 

I'ljgonichtliys  nuicrolepidotuni  ....  1;5;> 

I'dlyguiuini  sagittatuni So 

Pomatops 89 

valvifera S9 

I'oiiHildljus  testivalis     0:!,  158 

niediocris 158 

psendoharcngus (lo,  158 

I'onioiis 9:5 

I'oinoxis  sparoides 87 

l'onte<leria  cordata 8;J 

I'oriclilhys  notatns l;i9 

I'otamogeton  lucens 8;^ 

pectinatus 83 

zostera'l'olins 83 

Preble,  E.  A.  A  new  Microsorrx  from 
the      vicinity      of      Washington. 

n.  C 101-102 

Prionotus  caroliniis IG;! 

Protonotaria  citrea 24 

Psettichthys  m(>laiiostictus 139 

Pseii<l()liarhiis  liurchelli 147 

Pseudobranchus  striatns 10 

Pseiidoconuinys .59 

I'tychoclieilus  harfordi 133 

oregonensis 133 

Puntius  apogon 147 

tilamentosns     147 

Putorius  noveboracensis 32 


Quaintanee,  A.  L.     I'ear  llirips  inves- 

tigalions  in  ( 'alifdrnia x 

Qnercus  lyrala 25 

Querimana  gyrans ICiO 

R 

Raja  inornata Vi?, 

Rana  aesopus 12 

catesbiana 12 

gibbosa 1(15 

ovalis I(i5 

pipiens 12 

Rasbora  argyrota?nia 144 

Rhadintea  Havilata 13 

Rhineura  floridana 13 

Rhiniehthys  dnlcis 131 

Rhinogol)ins        91 

Rhinotriacis  lienlei 133 

Rhopoctites  alogus 72 

Ivliynehocyehis  asemus 73 

cinereiceps 73 

sulphurescens 73 

Richardson.      II.       J;cra     loiKjicovnix 
Lucas      referre(l       to     the'    genus 

l^tentlriitm     109-110 

Ridgway.  R.     Diagnoses  of  new  forms 

of  Micropoilida'  and  Trochilida'    5,',-5t"i 
Riley,  ,1.  II.     (in    the    name  and    sy- 
nonomy   of  the   Antillean  sharp- 
shinned  hawk .    .  77-78 

On  the  name  of  ilie  Trinidad 

Cvereha     .  100 

Rivuhis  isthmensis 4 

Roccus  lineatns      .   .       .....  l.;7,  ltd 

Roeboidi^s  guatemalensis 4 

Rosa  Carolina ....    S3 

Rutilus  bicolor K!3 

synnnetricus     133 


Sagittaria  graminea S3 

.'^alnio  gairderni      1:!5 

irideus     1:!5 

my  kiss     135 

.'^ardineJla  Inmieralis C,;', 

Scal()i)us  machrinns 3.'! 

.Scaphio|)US  hnlbi-onki 10,  115 

hurterii 115 

■Scia^nops  ocellatns Iii2 

Sciriius  americainis 83 

lacnstris S3 

polyphylhis S3 

Sciurus  rutiventer 25 

.'-icorpa'Ha  histrio 137 

.^scudderia  fnrciita 3(1 

texensis 35 

Sebastodes     93 

nielanops 137 

ruberrinnis 137 

8eminatrix  pyga'a      14 

Seton,  l'>rnest  T.  l^'hietuations  of 
animal  popidation  in  the  North- 
west    vii 

Shiras,  (ieo.    I'lashlight  photographs 

of  wild  manmials x 

.Siphostoma  califoriuensis 13ii 

flori(hc     icn 

fnscum li'ii) 

griseolineatiun 13i> 

•Siren  lacertina 10 

Sistrurus  miliariiis Id 

Smilli,  II.  .M.    On  .la  panese  goldfish    .\iii 
Smith,.!.  R.    The  inosniiito  campaign 

in  .New  .lersey ix 

Solanum  dulcamara 83 


Index. 


181 


Sorex  hoyi     102 

Sparvius  striatus 7S 

Spelerpes  Kiitti)linoatus 10 

Sphperoidt's  iiiaculatiis 1(i2 

Sphyneiia  bormilis        ](i() 

.Spillniiiii,  W.  .1.  I'Lxliiliitidii  of  hoofs 
and  footboiios  of  tlie  iiiiile  footed 

hop \  iii 

SpiloKali'  putoriiis ;;j 

Spilotes  coiipiTi II 

Ste.iiii'Kor,  L.    Till-  aiupliiliiaii   m-mis 

Eii(jijiiliiiii'i  \U\\fUii\i\r lO.VlliS 

Stt'iK'triiini  aiitillonso 110 

annalmn     .    .  110 

cliilloiii 110 

I'lichiruin 110 

fractiini 110 

hanseiii 110 

haswelli 110 

ineniie 110 

lonfricoriiis 110 

meditenaiieuni 110 

oecidcntalo    .    .       110 

proxiimmi 110 

serratum     110 

sianiense 110 

stebbingi 110 

Steriocephalus lf;5 

Stiles,  C.  \\'.  Work  of  the  Committee 
on  NoiiiPiiclHttire  at  tlicGraz  Zoo- 

oloKical  (oiitri'i'ss ix 

Stilosonia  rxtcmiatuni     II 

Stolcphonis  initchilli 159 

Storcria  dokayi       15 

Sti'(>ckor,  .1.  K.,  .Ir.  Description  of  a 
new  solitary  spadel'oot  ( Scnjihinjiiis 
liurtevii)   from   'I'l'xas.   with  ollii'r 

lierpi'toloui<"tl  notes ll.'i-122 

Stiv|itoprocTie  mexicana 5:! 

.Syl\  ilauns  alacrr :!1 

aiiuatieus ;',l 

mearnsi :;2 

Synaptomys  uossi oO 

Synodns  fretcns    .    .  In!) 

Syrninm  nisrolinr'atum      72 

Systoma 105 

T 

Taniias  striatus 35 

Tantilla  corona  ta 15 

Tautoga  onitis     102 


Taxodiiim  <iistichiim 25 

Terrapene  banri 17 

Carolina 124 

major 17 

trimiKuis 17,  121 

Ti'studo  polyphemns 16 

Thalassochi'lys  caretta IH 

'Phoiiiomys  apache 70 

canus 7!l 

Thri-neles  fraseri '•> 

Todd,  \V.  K.  ( '.     Two  new  woodpeckers 

from  Central  America 15;!-15(; 

Trachinotns  ialcatiis Ifd 

Ti'iakis  seinifascialnm 18;> 

Trionyx  ferox 18 

Tylosurus  ma.rinus 100 

Typha  lati folia W 

Typhlogobiiiscaliforniensis ISH 

u 

Ulmnsalata 25 

t'rocyon  eineri'oarffetiteus     S2 

Crophyeis  chnss 10:-! 

Ursu?  sheldoni     127 

V 

^'aricorllinns  beso US 

maroccaiHis MS 

tiiiiffaniciT' ll.s 

Vi'rbona  hastata S.S 

Vernonia  fasciculata s:! 

^'irginiaeleKans .   .    15 

valeritc 15 

\'idpes  fulvus :!2 

w 

Wilcox,  Cell.  T.  K.    On  the  occm-rence 
of  askiiid<  at  Woodjey  Park  .   .  .   .  viii 


Xiijhidiopiciis  insulee=pinorum  ....  17:i 
Xiphr)rhynclnis  rosenberjfi 72 


Zamenis  Hayiyentris     . 


120 


MBL  WHOI  LIBRARY 


WH    nNK    G